Apoptotic Bodies: Mechanism of Formation, Isolation and Functional Relevance

Santavanond, Jascinta P; Rutter, Stephanie F.; Atkin-Smith, Georgia K.; Poon, Ivan K. H.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_4

Cited by 93 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…EVs are classified into three main subtypes based on size and the nature of biogenesis: exosomes, microvesicles (MVs) and apoptotic bodies [ 17 ]. Apoptotic bodies are the largest EVs, measuring ∼500–4000 nm, which are formed as a result of programmed cell death [ 18 ]. MVs, also known as microparticles, ectosomes or shedding vesicles, have a characteristic size of ∼100–1000 nm.…”

Section: Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new paradigm for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases: peripheral exosomes of brain origin

Younas

Flores

Hopfner

et al. 2022

Transl Neurodegener

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Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of maladies, characterized by progressive loss of neurons. These diseases involve an intricate pattern of cross-talk between different types of cells to maintain specific signaling pathways. A component of such intercellular cross-talk is the exchange of various types of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes are a subset of EVs, which are increasingly being known for the role they play in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, e.g., synucleinopathies and tauopathies. The ability of the central nervous system exosomes to cross the blood–brain barrier into blood has generated enthusiasm in their study as potential biomarkers. However, the lack of standardized, efficient, and ultra-sensitive methods for the isolation and detection of brain-derived exosomes has hampered the development of effective biomarkers. Exosomes mirror heterogeneous biological changes that occur during the progression of these incurable illnesses, potentially offering a more comprehensive outlook of neurodegenerative disease diagnosis, progression and treatment. In this review, we aim to discuss the challenges and opportunities of peripheral biofluid-based brain-exosomes in the diagnosis and biomarker discovery of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. In the later part, we discuss the traditional and emerging methods used for the isolation of exosomes and compare their advantages and disadvantages in clinical settings.

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Section: Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new paradigm for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases: peripheral exosomes of brain origin

Younas

Flores

Hopfner

et al. 2022

Transl Neurodegener

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Only the microvesicles are encased by a characteristic plasma membrane, while exosomes are delimited by endosomal membranes and are directly released by the cells to the extracellular space [ 50 ]. Apoptotic bodies are composed of discard material, such as intracellular fragments and damaged organelles, enveloped by plasma membranes [ 52 ]. Following binding to cells, circulating exosomes and microvesicles fuse with extracellular plasma membranes or internalize and release their content to the recipient cells [ 51 ].…”

Section: Endothelial Cell Mediators In the Pathogenesis Of Arterial H...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms and Clinical Implications of Endothelial Dysfunction in Arterial Hypertension

Ambrosino

Bachetti

D’Anna

et al. 2022

JCDD

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The endothelium is composed of a monolayer of endothelial cells, lining the interior surface of blood and lymphatic vessels. Endothelial cells display important homeostatic functions, since they are able to respond to humoral and hemodynamic stimuli. Thus, endothelial dysfunction has been proposed as a key and early pathogenic mechanism in many clinical conditions. Given the relevant repercussions on cardiovascular risk, the complex interplay between endothelial dysfunction and systemic arterial hypertension has been a matter of study in recent years. Numerous articles have been published on this issue, all of which contribute to providing an interesting insight into the molecular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in arterial hypertension and its role as a biomarker of inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular disease. The prognostic and therapeutic implications of endothelial dysfunction have also been analyzed in this clinical setting, with interesting new findings and potential applications in clinical practice and future research. The aim of this review is to summarize the pathophysiology of the relationship between endothelial dysfunction and systemic arterial hypertension, with a focus on the personalized pharmacological and rehabilitation strategies targeting endothelial dysfunction while treating hypertension and cardiovascular comorbidities.

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“…Caspase 6 was classified as an executioner caspase for a long time based on its sequence; however, functional studies have proposed it to be an initiator caspase since its transient activation is insufficient for apoptosis induction [202]. Effector caspases are responsible for some of the morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis, comprising apoptotic body formation, DNA fragmentation, and exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) [203][204][205][206][207][208][209][210][211]. Caspases usually are inactive and are activated via proteolytic cleavage.…”

Section: Fas Receptormentioning

confidence: 99%

Over Fifty Years of Life, Death, and Cannibalism: A Historical Recollection of Apoptosis and Autophagy

Izadi

Ali

Pourkarimi

2021

IJMS

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Research in biomedical sciences has changed dramatically over the past fifty years. There is no doubt that the discovery of apoptosis and autophagy as two highly synchronized and regulated mechanisms in cellular homeostasis are among the most important discoveries in these decades. Along with the advancement in molecular biology, identifying the genetic players in apoptosis and autophagy has shed light on our understanding of their function in physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we first describe the history of key discoveries in apoptosis with a molecular insight and continue with apoptosis pathways and their regulation. We touch upon the role of apoptosis in human health and its malfunction in several diseases. We discuss the path to the morphological and molecular discovery of autophagy. Moreover, we dive deep into the precise regulation of autophagy and recent findings from basic research to clinical applications of autophagy modulation in human health and illnesses and the available therapies for many diseases caused by impaired autophagy. We conclude with the exciting crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy, from the early discoveries to recent findings.

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Apoptotic Bodies: Mechanism of Formation, Isolation and Functional Relevance

Cited by 93 publications

References 121 publications

A new paradigm for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases: peripheral exosomes of brain origin

A new paradigm for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases: peripheral exosomes of brain origin

Mechanisms and Clinical Implications of Endothelial Dysfunction in Arterial Hypertension

Over Fifty Years of Life, Death, and Cannibalism: A Historical Recollection of Apoptosis and Autophagy

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