Prevalence and longitudinal correlates of recent exposure to fentanyl among HIV-positive people who use unregulated drugs during a community-wide overdose crisis

Day-to-day impact of COVID-19 and other factors associated with risk of nonfatal overdose among people who use unregulated drugs in five cities in the United States and Canada

“…The latter two scenarios can lead to the purchasing of unregulated opioids from the contaminated drug supply to supplement/replace MOUD, a practice which could expose consumers to contaminated drugs, increasing their overdose risk. Our findings corroborate a 2018 study among HIV-positive PWUD in Vancouver, Canada, that found significant longitudinal associations between those engaged in MOUD and testing positive for fentanyl in urine drug screen tests ( Moallef et al, 2021 ). However, it is important to note that many jurisdictions across Canada and the US have implemented changes to expand MOUD services to account for potential impacts to delivery of services ( Ivsins et al, 2021 , Peavy et al, 2020 ), but these changes require evaluation.…”