Back to basics in COVID‐19: Antigens and antibodies—Completing the puzzle

Neagu, Monica; Calina, Daniela; Docea, Anca Oana; Constantin, Carolina; Filippini, Tommaso; Vinceti, Marco; Drakoulis, Nikolaos; Poulas, Konstantinos; Νikolouzakis, Τaxiarchis Κonstantinos; Spandidos, Demetrios A.; Tsatsakis, Aristidis

doi:10.1111/jcmm.16462

Cited by 39 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 142 publications

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“…Second, after testing began, the main diagnostic used was the RT-PCR test. This test was done at very high amplification cycles, ranging up to 45 ( Neagu et al, 2021 , Mandavilli, 2020 , Mercola, 2020 ). In this range, very high numbers of false positives are possible ( Kostoff et al, 2020a ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Why are we vaccinating children against COVID-19?

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Why are we vaccinating children against COVID-19?

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“…research on seroprevalence has revealed that seropositive samples were found as early as mid-February, and our results obtained during the summer of 2020 have shown that seroprevalence is stable, suggesting lasting antibody serum levels in subjects as obtained by another group (23). We have chosen eliSa testing because most serological studies embrace the quantitative eliSa platform (24). The eliSa test that we have used (euroiMMun anti-SarS-coV-2 eliSa assay) was evaluated, validated and it is comprised in the Fda recommended lists of immunoassays to be used in current pandemia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

COVID‑19 vaccination and IgG and IgA antibody dynamics in healthcare workers

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Given the current outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 and the development and implementation of mass vaccination, data are being obtained by analyzing vaccination campaigns. in the present study, 69 healthcare workers who were exposed to patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 were monitored for specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA levels at different time periods. Prior to vaccination, after the first round of vaccination at 21 days (when the second dose of vaccine was administrated) and 24 days after the second round of vaccination, with an mrna-based vaccine. The basal igG and iga levels in previously infected subjects and non-infected subjects notably differed. Vaccination increased the igG and iga levels after the first dose in most subjects from both groups, the levels of which further increased following the second round of vaccination. The associations between igG and iga levels following the first and second rounds of vaccination demonstrated that in the entire vaccination group, regardless of prior exposure to the infectious agent, the increment and levels of igG and iga were similar. Thus, the levels upon vaccination were statistically similar irrespective of the starting base line prior to vaccination. in the present study, seroconversion was achieved in all subjects following the second round of vaccination, with similar antibodies levels.

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“…Human coronaviruses have long been known to the scientific community since their first discovery in the 1960s; however, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new member of the Coronaviridae family ( 1 ). These viruses have a zoonotic source, with bats being the presumed reservoirs ( 2 , 3 ). The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is known as the corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) and was officially described in December, 2019 in Wuhan, China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune response (IgG) following full inoculation with BNT162b2 COVID‑19 mRNA among healthcare professionals

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Soon after the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in December, 2019, numerous research teams, assisted by vast capital investments, achieved vaccine development in a fraction of time. However, almost 8 months following the initiation of the European vaccination programme, the need for prospective monitoring of the vaccine-induced immune response, its determinants and related side-effects remains a priority. The present study aimed to quantify the immune response following full vaccination with the BNT162b2 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccine by measuring the levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers in healthcare professionals. Moreover, common side-effects and factors associated with IgG titers were identified. For this purpose, blood samples from 517 individuals were obtained and analysed. Blood sampling was performed at a mean period of 69.0±23.5 days following the second dose of the vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers had an overall mean value of 4.23±2.76. Females had higher titers than males (4.44±2.70 and 3.89 ±2.84, respectively; P=0.007), while non-smokers had higher titers than smokers (4.48±2.79 and 3.80±2.64, respectively; P=0.003). An older age was also associated with lower antibody titers (P<0.001). Moreover, the six most prevalent adverse effects were pain at the injection site (72.1%), generalized fatigue (40.5%), malaise (36.3%), myalgia (31,0%), headache (25.8%) and dizziness/weakness (21.6%). The present study demonstrated that the immune response after receiving the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine is dependent on various modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Overall, the findings of the present study highlight two key aspects of the vaccination programs: First, the need for prospective immunosurveillance studies in order to estimate the duration of immunity, and second, the need to identify those individuals who are at a greater risk of developing low IgG titers in order to evaluate the need for a third dose of the vaccine.

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Back to basics in COVID‐19: Antigens and antibodies—Completing the puzzle

Cited by 39 publications

References 142 publications

RETRACTED: Why are we vaccinating children against COVID-19?

RETRACTED: Why are we vaccinating children against COVID-19?

COVID‑19 vaccination and IgG and IgA antibody dynamics in healthcare workers

Immune response (IgG) following full inoculation with BNT162b2 COVID‑19 mRNA among healthcare professionals

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