Disparities in Mortality and Cardiovascular Events by Income and Blood Pressure Levels Among Patients With Hypertension in South Korea

Shin, Junho; Jung, Mi‐Hyang; Kwon, Chang Hee; Kim, Dae–Hee; Kim, Hack‐Lyoung; Kim, Woohyeun; Kang, Sung-Bum; Kim, Hyue Mee; Cho, In Jeong; Cho, Iksung; Lee, Jun Hyuk; Kang, Dae Ryong; Lee, Hae Young; Chung, Wook Jin; Ihm, Sang Hyun; Kim, Kwang Il; Cho, Eun Joo; Sohn, Il Suk; Kim, Hyeon Chang; Park, Sungha; Shin, Jinho; Kim, Ju Han; Ryu, Sung Kee; Kang, Seok Min; Pyun, Wook Bum; Cho, Myeong Chan; Sung, Ki Chul

doi:10.1161/jaha.120.018446

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 26 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Contrary to previous research (Anstey et al, 2019; Shin et al, 2021), is unclear why poverty income ratio was not a predictor in this study. Future research should test interventions that include promoting heathy lifestyles that address elevated BMI.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Elevated Blood Pressure in Women of Childbearing Age in the United States

Logsdon

Blair

Gunaratnam

2022

McN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Approximately 700 women in the United States die from pregnancy-related complications each year (Hoyert, 2021;Hoyert & Minino, 2020). A signifi cant number of maternal deaths occur after hospital discharge (Petersen et al., 2019) with the most common causes of deaths being hypertensive disorders (0-6 days postpartum), cerebrovascular accidents (1-42 days postpartum), and cardiomyopathy (43-365 days postpartum; Petersen et al.), leading to the need to carefully monitor hypertension and other signs of these disorders in women during postpartum. In addition to contributing to maternal mortality, hypertension is frequently the cause of severe postpartum complications. Women living in poverty and women of African American race are disproportionately affected by hypertension and other severe postpartum complications (infection, hemorrhage, and depression) resulting in signifi cant health disparities (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2020;Wang et al., 2020). Women with severe postpartum disorders are at an increased risk of rehospitalization at 6 weeks and 1 year postpartum (Harvey et al., 2018).In all populations, hypertension (≥140 mm Hg systolic and/or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic) increases risk for heart disease and stroke, two leading causes of death for Americans (Virani et al., 2021). Hypertension is a potential precursor of several Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) diagnoses of severe pregnancy and postpartum complications such as eclampsia, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, thromboembolism, stroke, aneurysm, disseminated intravascular coagulation, pulmonary edema, and other lung diagnoses (Chen et al., 2021). Hypertension affecting new mothers includes preexisting hypertension, hypertension that develops during pregnancy, and hypertension that develops during postpartum (Bigelow

show abstract

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Elevated Blood Pressure in Women of Childbearing Age in the United States

Logsdon

Blair

Gunaratnam

2022

McN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Moreover, a relatively higher annual income was associated with a lower risk of developing CVEs in elderly male patients with MetS. Shin et al reported that low income and uncontrolled blood pressure are associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension ( 50 ). Similarly, diabetes combined with low income was associated with substantially elevated mortality risk, myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke among primary care patients with hypertension ( 51 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender discrepancies in predictors for newly onset cardiovascular events and metabolic syndrome in elderly patients from rural China

Guo

et al. 2022

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ObjectiveThe study aimed to estimate the possible predictors of cardiovascular events (CVEs) in elderly patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) from rural China. Moreover, we also attempted to find the potential risk factors for newly diagnosed MetS.MethodsThe Northeast China Rural Cardiovascular Health Study (NCRCHS) is a community-based prospective cohort study carried out in rural areas of northeast China. Approximately 1,059 elderly patients with MetS but no cardiovascular diseases and 1,565 elderly patients without MetS at baseline were enrolled in this study. They underwent a physical examination, completed a questionnaire in 2012–2013, and were followed up during 2015–2017. Cox proportional hazard analysis was conducted to assess the possible predictors of newly developed CVEs, and multivariate analysis was used to estimate the risk factors of newly diagnosed MetS.ResultsThe common predictors of newly developed CVEs in both men and women were family history of stroke (HR [hazard ratios] female: 1.696; HR male: 2.504) and soybean consumption (HR female: 0.253; HR male: 0.130). Moreover, minority race (HR: 0.109), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (HR: 1.021), current drinking habits (HR: 2.551), family history of hypertension (HR: 2.297), LDL-C (HR: 1.669), 5,000–20,000 CNY/year annual income (HR: 0.290), and strenuous physical activity (HR: 0.397) were predictors of CVEs only in male elderly patients. For newly diagnosed MetS, body mass index (OR female: 1.212; OR male: 1.207) and fasting blood glucose (OR female: 1.305; OR male: 1.217) were common risk factors in both genders, whereas age (OR:0.958) was a protective factor in men and > 9-h/day sleep duration (OR:0.212) was a protective factor in women. In addition, SBP (OR:1.014) ≥4 times/day, bean consumption (OR:1.955), and uric acid (OR:1.005) increased the risk of MetS in men but not in women.ConclusionOur study identified many effective predictors of CVEs in rural elderly patients with MetS and confirmed the presence of a gender-based discrepancy. Moreover, we also identified additional risk factors, along with the traditional ones, for newly diagnosed MetS in rural elderly patients.

show abstract

“…Although income was reported to have a large effect on hypertension [13,[15][16][17][18][19][20], few Korean studies have investigated the effect of marriage on hypertension, especially the correlation between marriage and income, have been reported. We need to figure out how the interactions of socio-political issues such as income and marriage affect hypertension.…”

Section: Risk Factors For Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, studies on the relationship between income level and hypertension [13,19,20,23] and the relationship between marital status and hypertension [5][6][7][8][9] are being conducted. In this study, the risk of hypertension was found to be higher in the low-income group, and the effect was stronger in male.…”

Section: Income Level and Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Marital Status and Income on Hypertension: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)

Son¹,

Heo²,

Hyun³

et al. 2022

J Prev Med Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the associations of income, marital status, and health behaviors with hypertension in male and female over 40 years of age in the Korea.Methods: The data were derived from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES; 4851-302) which included 211 576 participants. To analyze the relationships of income, marital status, and health behaviors with hypertension in male and female over 40 years of age, multiple logistic regression was conducted with adjustments for these variables.Results: The prevalence of hypertension increased linearly as income decreased. The odds ratio for developing hypertension in people with an income of <0.5 million Korean won (KRW) compared to ≥6.0 million KRW was 1.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25 to 1.93) in the total population, 1.58 (95% CI, 1.27 to 1.98) in male, and 1.07 (95% CI, 0.35 to 3.28) in female. The combined effect of income level and marital status on hypertension was significant. According to income level and marital status, in male, low income and divorce were most associated with hypertension (1.76 times; 95% CI, 1.01 to 3.08). However, in female, the low-income, married group was most associated with hypertension (1.83 times; 95% CI, 1.71 to 1.97).Conclusions: The results of this study show that it is necessary to approach male and female marital status separately according to income in health policies to address inequalities in the prevalence of hypertension.

show abstract

Disparities in Mortality and Cardiovascular Events by Income and Blood Pressure Levels Among Patients With Hypertension in South Korea

Cited by 17 publications

References 26 publications

Elevated Blood Pressure in Women of Childbearing Age in the United States

Elevated Blood Pressure in Women of Childbearing Age in the United States

Gender discrepancies in predictors for newly onset cardiovascular events and metabolic syndrome in elderly patients from rural China

Effects of Marital Status and Income on Hypertension: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About