Anti-inflammatory effects of diet and caloric restriction in metabolic syndrome

Abstract

Background Weight loss in patients with metabolic syndrome has positive effects on cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes risks, but its effects on peripheral cytokines and lipid profiles in patients are still unclear. Aim To determine the effects of diet-induced weight loss on metabolic parameters, lipids and cytokine profiles. Methods Eighteen adult males with metabolic syndrome (defined according to IDF 2009) and Body Mass Index (BMI) between 25 and 35 kg/m2 were subjected to a balanced hypocaloric diet for 6 months to reach at least a 5% body weight loss. Results After weight loss, a significant improvement in BMI, waist circumference, insulin, fasting blood glucose and HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) was observed. The analysis of LDL (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) lipoproteins showed a change in their composition with a massive transfer of triacylglycerols from HDL to LDL. This was associated with a significant reduction in peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8 and MIP-1β, leading to an overall decreased inflammatory score. An interesting positive correlation was also observed among peripheral cytokines levels after diet and peripheral levels of CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein), an enzyme with a key role in lipid change. Conclusion Weight loss through caloric restriction is associated with an improvement in peripheral lipid and cytokine profiles that may play a major role in improving cardiovascular risk. Graphic abstract

The TOTUM-63 Supplement and High-Intensity Interval Training Combination Limits Weight Gain, Improves Glycemic Control, and Influences the Composition of Gut Mucosa-Associated Bacteria in Rats on a High Fat Diet

“…Diet intervention and/or physical activity programs are necessary to fight against obesity and (pre)diabetes [ 34 , 35 ]. As nutritional strategy, we supplemented rats with T63, a polyphenol-rich natural supplement based on five plant extracts designed to reduce T2D risk factors.…”

HDL Dysfunctionality: Clinical Relevance of Quality Rather Than Quantity

“…Subsequent HDL hydrolysis by hepatic lipase produces small, dense HDLs enriched in TGs, serum amyloid A, and Apo A-I in an incorrect conformation that possesses deficient functionality with respect to normal HDL particles. Interestingly, weight loss promoted by both caloric restriction and bariatric surgery can improve the lipid composition of HDLs and, consequently, their functionality [56,[74][75][76][77]. Despite these encouraging data, and while it is true that weight loss could reduce traditional risk factors for the development of CVD, it remains to be understood whether weight reduction also leads to a reduction in the number of events and mortality for cardiovascular pathologies in obese subjects with or without MetS.…”

Dietary Strategies to Improve Cardiovascular Health: Focus on Increasing High-Density Lipoprotein Functionality

“…Montefusco et al studied the effect of a 6-month hypocaloric diet in patients with metabolic syndrome. They demonstrated a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and changes in lipoprotein composition, with an increase in triglycerides and apolipoproteins in HDL ( 140 ). Interestingly, a positive correlation was observed between CETP levels and cytokine levels, demonstrating a link between lipids and pro-inflammatory cytokines.…”