Income robustly predicts self-regard emotions.

Abstract

There is robust evidence that higher income makes people evaluate their lives more favorably, but there is no consistent evidence on whether it makes people feel better. Analyzing data from five large surveys spanning 162 countries, we predicted and found the most comprehensive evidence to date that income reliably predicted greater positive self-regard emotions (e.g., pride) and lower negative self-regard emotions (e.g., anxiety). In contrast, its relationships with other-regard emotions (e.g., gratitude, anger) and global emotions (e.g., happiness) were weaker in magnitude and difficult to replicate. In addition, income predicted higher (lower) levels of positive (negative) self-regard emotions about 10 years later, controlling for the same self-regard emotions at baseline. Sense of control mediated the relationships between income and both positive and negative self-regard emotions. Income predicted self-regard emotions as strongly as it has been known to predict life evaluation. Hence, having more money makes people feel more proud, contented, and confident and less sad, afraid, and ashamed, but does not affect whether they feel grateful, caring, and angry.

Torn Between Valences: Mixed Emotions Predict Poorer Psychological Well-Being and Job Burnout

“…Analyses were then performed using the lavaan package on R , and a latent variable cross-lagged panel model was examined to test long-term bidirectional relationships between emotional ambivalence and psychological well-being about a decade later after controlling for baselines. This analytic strategy is well-validated and consistent with many other recent analyses of the MIDUS dataset (Dewitte et al, 2020 ; Hartanto et al, 2019 ; Tong et al, 2021 ; Wiese et al, 2019 ) as well as of other longitudinal datasets (Orth et al, 2021 ). 5 Additionally, we addressed missing data using full information maximum likelihood (FIML) procedures, which are widely considered the gold standard for handling missing data (Enders & Bandalos, 2001 ).…”

“…A battery of commonly felt emotion items were administered to assess the degree to which participants felt various positive, negative, and mixed emotions. Similar to approaches utilized in previous research (Kuppens et al, 2008 ; Nezlek & Kuppens, 2008 ; Tong et al, 2021 ), items were selected to capture a range of common items that represent distinct positive, negative, and mixed emotional states to provide more precise and reliable estimates of each valence. Participants were asked to rate whether they felt each emotion “ right now ” on a seven-point Likert scale, with the following anchors: 1 ( Do not feel the emotion at all ), 4 ( Feel the emotion moderately ), and 7 ( Feel the emotion very much ).…”

Danish women's preferences regarding gynecological examination support international recommendations: A cross‐sectional study

“…Furthermore, women with a higher level of education and/or income found it less important that a chaperone was present, that a garment was offered to protect their modesty, or that the GE took place in a designated examination room. This may be because these women have greater self‐confidence 35 and feel less insecure in the presence of health professionals.…”

Changes in the attitudes of professors and students of medicine towards arabicizing medical terms in the faculties of medicine: A study from Jordan

“…Interestingly, income was associated with Arabicization, where lower barriers were associated with high income, followed by middle and then low income. This could be related to feeling more empowered financially, which could reflect more courage to carry on with behaviors that are perceived as different or controversial ( Jahan et al., 2015 ; Tong et al., 2021 ). As well, living in the suburbs was associated with a significantly more favorable attitude toward Arabicized medical terms, which could point to being more attached to the traditional social values of the Arabic culture of Jordan and being less exposed to foreignization when living in the more harmonized and probably, monotonous suburban environment.…”