Maternal parentification history impacts evaluative cognitions about self, parenting, and child

Abstract

Parentification occurs when children are unfairly charged with fulfilling parental instrumental and emotional needs. Parentification is associated with risk to evaluative self cognitions from childhood to emerging adulthood, but this associationhas not yet been studied among parents. The transition to parenthood is typically characterized by declines in self-esteem, suggesting it is a critical period for understanding the risk parentification history poses to evaluative self-cognitions and evaluative cognitions about children. The present study addresses these gaps using longitudinal data (N = 374 first-time mothers) to examine the influence of maternal parentification history domains (emotional and instrumental caregiving, role unfairness) on trajectories of maternal evaluative cognitions about the self (self-esteem, parenting self-efficacy) and about the child (difficult child temperament, dissatisfaction with child contributions to relationships) in early parenthood. A spillover model was also examined such that evaluative cognitions about the self were examined as potential mediators between parentification history and evaluative cognitions about children. Results support associations between the role unfairness domain of parentification and each domain of maternal evaluative cognitions and a significant indirect effect of unfairness on risk to maternal evaluative cognitions about child contributions via parenting self-efficacy. Implications for mother-child relationships and processes of intergenerational transmission of parentification are discussed.

Parentification Vulnerability, Reactivity, Resilience, and Thriving: A Mixed Methods Systematic Literature Review

“…Most quantitative studies were cross-sectional and only six [ 19 , 70 , 80 , 92 , 95 , 104 ] were longitudinal studies. As reviewed above, the parentification construct was measured in various ways, including overall level, functionality (instrumental and emotional), roles (parent-focused, sibling-focused), and perceptions (perceived unfairness and perceived benefit).…”

“…This was true even for the most studied positive outcomes: self-esteem ( n = 5), self-efficacy ( n = 3), and satisfaction with life ( n = 3). Parentification was not associated with self-esteem in general as only three of the 11 associations tested in the five studies were significant: Self-esteem was positively associated with perceived benefit [ 45 ] and parentification [ 106 ], and negatively linked with perceived role unfairness [ 80 ]. No consistent findings emerged for efficacy or satisfaction with life across six studies.…”