First Detection of Tetrodotoxins in the Cotylean Flatworm Prosthiostomum trilineatum

Suo, Rei; Kashitani, Maho; Oyama, Hikaru; Adachi, Masaatsu; Nakahigashi, Ryota; Sakakibara, Ryo; Nishikawa, Toshio; Sugita, Haruo; Itoi, Shiro

doi:10.3390/md19010040

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…LC-MS experiments were performed on a Shimadzu LC-20AD solvent delivery system and a SCIEX X500R Q-TOF Mass Spectrometer with an ESI ion source. The filtered solution was subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using an Atlantis HILIC Silica column (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) with gradient elution, following the method used in a previous study [28]. The optimized transitions for TTX were m/z 320 > 302 for qualification and m/z 320 > 162 for quantification, and those for 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX were m/z 272 > 254 and m/z 272 > 162.…”

Section: Lc-ms/ms Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These TTX-bearing flatworms have been found to harbor TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxy-TTX, which was comparable to the amount of TTX [28,29]. When TTX-bearing fish acquire the toxin from their prey, it would be expected that they would ingest it and its related compounds directly from their prey, and that the compositional ratios in the prey would be reflected in that of the predators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flatworm larvae are considered to be important suppliers of the toxin to TTX-bearing organisms [21,22]. Although TTX-bearing flatworms appear to be largely restricted to the genus, Planocera, members of which are widely distributed in the waters around the Japanese archipelago [23][24][25][26][27], and other flatworms such as the cotylean flatworm, Prosthiostomum trilineatum, have also recently been discovered to contain the toxin [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Local Differences in the Toxin Amount and Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Related Compounds in Pufferfish (Chelonodon patoca) and Toxic Goby (Yongeichthys criniger) Juveniles

Ito

Furukawa

Yasukawa

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-bearing fish ingest TTX from their preys through the food chain and accumulate TTX in their bodies. Although a wide variety of TTX-bearing organisms have been reported, the missing link in the TTX supply chain has not been elucidated completely. Here, we investigated the composition of TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX in juveniles of the pufferfish, Chelonodon patoca, and toxic goby, Yongeichthys criniger, using LC–MS/MS, to resolve the missing link in the TTX supply chain. The TTX concentration varied among samples from different localities, sampling periods and fish species. In the samples from the same locality, the TTX concentration was significantly higher in the toxic goby juveniles than in the pufferfish juveniles. The concentration of TTX in all the pufferfish juveniles was significantly higher than that of 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, whereas the compositional ratio of TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX in the goby was different among sampling localities. However, the TTX/5,6,11-trideoxyTTX ratio in the goby was not different among samples collected from the same locality at different periods. Based on a species-specific PCR, the detection rate of the toxic flatworm (Planocera multitentaculata)-specific sequence (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) also varied between the intestinal contents of the pufferfish and toxic goby collected at different localities and periods. These results suggest that although the larvae of the toxic flatworm are likely to be responsible for the toxification of the pufferfish and toxic goby juveniles by TTX, these fish juveniles are also likely to feed on other TTX-bearing organisms depending on their habitat, and they also possess different accumulation mechanisms of TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX.

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Section: Lc-ms/ms Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Local Differences in the Toxin Amount and Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Related Compounds in Pufferfish (Chelonodon patoca) and Toxic Goby (Yongeichthys criniger) Juveniles

Ito

Furukawa

Yasukawa

et al. 2022

Toxins

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“…After 40 years, TTX was found in extracts of the marine flatworms Planocera multitentaculata [159,160] and Planocera reticulata (type A) [161,162]. Subsequent studies showed the presence of TTX in several marine [125,163,164] and terrestrial [165] flatworms. In P. multitentaculata, the most toxic organs are the oviducts filled with mature eggs and organs of the digestive (including the pharynx) and reproductive systems; a weak neurotoxic effect of the mucus enveloping the worm was observed [160,166].…”

Section: Platyhelminthesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Anatomical Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Animals

Melnikova

Magarlamov

2022

Toxins

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Tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent paralytic sodium channel blocker, is an intriguing marine toxin. Widely distributed in nature, TTX has attracted attention in various scientific fields, from biomedical studies to environmental safety concerns. Despite a long history of studies, many issues concerning the biosynthesis, origin, and spread of TTX in animals and ecosystems remain. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on TTX circulation inside TTX-bearing animal bodies. We focus on the advances in TTX detection at the cellular and subcellular levels, providing an expanded picture of intra-organismal TTX migration mechanisms. We believe that this review will help address the gaps in the understanding of the biological function of TTX and facilitate the development of further studies involving TTX-bearing animals.

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“…The copyright holder for this this version posted September 19, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.16.460554 doi: bioRxiv preprint Because it has been reported that TTX-bearing prey organisms, such as bivalves and gastropods (Biessy et al, 2019), ribbon worms (Cephalothrix cf. simula; Vlasenko and Magarlamov, 2020), and flatworm (Prosthiostomum trilineatum; Suo et al,2021) have 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX as well as TTX. Green spotted puffer feed on mollusks, crustaceans, and other invertebrates (Rainboth, 1996), and these phyla appeared to contain various TTX-bearing organisms (Noguchi and Arakawa, 2008).…”

Section: Why Are Toxic Puffers Having Such a Harmless Toxin?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Green spotted puffers can detect an almost nontoxic TTX analog odor using crypt olfactory sensory neurons

Suzuki

Nakahigashi

Adachi

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a well-known neurotoxin that functions as a defense substance for toxic puffers. Several behavioral studies reported that TTX attracts toxic puffers belonging to the genus Takifugu. Although our electrophysiological and behavioral studies showed that a TTX analog, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, acts as an olfactory chemoattractant for grass puffers (Takifugu alboplumbeus), it is unclear whether toxic puffers are commonly attracted to 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, and which types of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) detect 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX. Here we investigated whether green spotted puffer (Dichotomyctere nigroviridis), a phylogenetically different species from the grass puffer, is attracted to 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX. Administration of 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX attracted green spotted puffers, but TTX or Vehicle did not. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry of the olfactory epithelium exposed to 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX with an antibody against phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (pS6), a neuronal activity marker, labeled oval cells with apical invagination. Such oval cells were also labeled by the antibody against S100, a specific marker of crypt OSNs. Thus, our results suggest that 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX acts as an olfactory chemoattractant that is detected by crypt-type OSNs in the olfactory epithelium of green spotted puffers. Toxic puffers may use 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX as an olfactory chemoattractant involved in reproduction and parental care or as an olfactory cue of TTX- bearing organisms for effective toxification.

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First Detection of Tetrodotoxins in the Cotylean Flatworm Prosthiostomum trilineatum

Cited by 11 publications

References 55 publications

Local Differences in the Toxin Amount and Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Related Compounds in Pufferfish (Chelonodon patoca) and Toxic Goby (Yongeichthys criniger) Juveniles

Local Differences in the Toxin Amount and Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Related Compounds in Pufferfish (Chelonodon patoca) and Toxic Goby (Yongeichthys criniger) Juveniles

An Overview of the Anatomical Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Animals

Green spotted puffers can detect an almost nontoxic TTX analog odor using crypt olfactory sensory neurons

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