Wisconsin Card Sorting Test reveals a monitoring advantage but not a switching advantage in multilingual children

Bilingualism but not bidialectalism influences cognitive control among young adult Chinese–English bilinguals

“…In the WCST, there were group differences across the two groups only in the global RTs, but not in completed category, overall errors, perseverative errors, or previous category errors, which partially provides the evidence that higher L2 proficiency contributes to mental set shifting, although some scholars suggested that the processing advantage in WCST is related to monitoring (Czapka & Festman, 2021). However, previous research showed that bilinguals performed better than monolinguals in the aspect of switching in a similar Dimensional Card Sorting Task (i.e., Bialystok & Martin, 2004; Carlson & Meltzoff, 2008).…”

Theories and Models in Cognitive Bilingualism

“…Additionally, differences in language exposure have also been linked to variation in neural restructuring (De Luca et al, 2019). Furthermore, the tasks generally used to tap executive function have not been used in a standardized manner across studies (Poarch & Krott, 2019), show little convergent validity across tasks measuring executive function (Czapka & Festman, 2021;Poarch & Van Hell, 2019), the data collected through such tasks is subsequently not uniformly processed (Zhou & Krott, 2016), and statistical analyses performed on the remaining data are not standardized . Finally, the complexity of bilingualism and executive function also calls for an adequate treatment in research designs and participant selection, including moderating factors (see Festman et al, 2022).…”