Intensive livestock farming as a major determinant of the exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides in raptors of the Canary Islands (Spain)

Rial-Berriel, Cristian; Acosta-Dacal, Andrea; Cabrera‐Pérez, Miguel Ángel; Suárez-Pérez, Alejandro; Melián, Ayose Melián; Zumbado, Manuel; Hernández, Luis Alberto Henríquez; Ruiz-Suárez, Norberto; Hernández, Ángel Rodríguez; Boada, Luís D.; Montes, Ana Macías; Luzardo, Octavio P.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144386

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The raptors in our study presented higher levels of POPs than non-predatory birds (Figure 4), which is logical given that they feed higher in the trophic chain, and has been described in the literature [68,69]. They also presented higher levels of AR, as we expected from having previously observed it in this region [56], and also described by other authors [70]. However, in the case of agricultural pesticides the statistical significance was the opposite, with non-predatory birds presenting the highest levels.…”

Section: Application To Biomonitoringsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…We believe that the pesticide result has to do with the previous variable, in the sense that, in our study, all insectivorous species, and those that feed on fruits and seeds are diurnal, while the nocturnal birds in our series are both raptors that feed mainly on large and small rodents. For this same reason, and as we had already verified in previous studies, the nocturnal birds of the Canary Islands have higher levels of POPs [72] and AR [45,56].…”

Section: Application To Biomonitoringsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…First, the high prevalence of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides in wildlife's liver is noteworthy. It was expected, as it has been described in many parts of the world [52][53][54] and recently in the Canary Islands [45,55,56]. However, the presence of at least one of these compounds in more than 80% of the birds studied is striking, even in non-predatory birds such as the blackbird (Turdus merula) or the common curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus), which would point to the fact that these compounds penetrate the trophic chain by several routes, probably including invertebrates, as suggested by other authors [57,58].…”

Section: Application To Biomonitoringmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…This result was expected with regard to rodenticides, since in a previous study by our group focused on these compounds, we had already discarded the group of waterfowl due to their low incidence in these pollutants [56]. Regarding POPs and non-persistent This result was expected with regard to rodenticides, since in a previous study by our group focused on these compounds, we had already discarded the group of waterfowl due to their low incidence in these pollutants [56]. Regarding POPs and non-persistent pesticides, although there is not much literature comparing both types of birds from the same region, the available studies usually indicate results similar to ours, with levels in landbirds usually being higher than in waterbirds [67][68][69].…”

Section: Application To Biomonitoringmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Thus, when we compared aquatic versus terrestrial birds, we found that the latter presented significantly higher levels of contamination by the three major chemical groups studied (Figure 3). This result was expected with regard to rodenticides, since in a previous study by our group focused on these compounds, we had already discarded the group of waterfowl due to their low incidence in these pollutants [56]. Regarding POPs and non-persistent This result was expected with regard to rodenticides, since in a previous study by our group focused on these compounds, we had already discarded the group of waterfowl due to their low incidence in these pollutants [56].…”

Section: Application To Biomonitoringmentioning

confidence: 80%

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A Method Scope Extension for the Simultaneous Analysis of POPs, Current-Use and Banned Pesticides, Rodenticides, and Pharmaceuticals in Liver. Application to Food Safety and Biomonitoring

Rial-Berriel

Acosta-Dacal

Zumbado

et al. 2021

Toxics

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The screening of hundreds of substances belonging to multiple chemical classes in liver is required in areas such as food safety or biomonitoring. We adapted a previous QuEChERS-based method in blood to the liver matrix and applied to these fields of study. The validation of the method allowed the inclusion of 351 contaminants, 80% with a LOQ < 2 ng/g. In the analysis of 42 consumer liver samples, we detected trace levels of 29 different contaminants. The most frequent and concentrated was 4,4’-DDE. POPs accounted for 66% of the compounds detected. In no case was the MRL reached for any of the contaminants detected. We also applied the method to 151 livers of wild birds to perform a biomonitoring pilot study in the Canary Islands. We detected 52 contaminants in 15 bird species. These were also mostly POPs, although high frequencies and concentrations of anticoagulant rodenticides (AR) and some other agricultural pesticides also stand out. POPs and AR contamination levels were significantly higher in terrestrial birds, raptors and particularly in nocturnal birds. Pesticide contamination levels were also higher in terrestrial birds, as well as in non-raptors and diurnal birds. The validated method is simple, robust, and sensitive and performs well in a variety of practical scenarios, where it can be carried out relatively quickly and inexpensively.

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Section: Application To Biomonitoringsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Application To Biomonitoringsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Application To Biomonitoringmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Application To Biomonitoringmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Application To Biomonitoringmentioning

confidence: 80%

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A Method Scope Extension for the Simultaneous Analysis of POPs, Current-Use and Banned Pesticides, Rodenticides, and Pharmaceuticals in Liver. Application to Food Safety and Biomonitoring

Rial-Berriel

Acosta-Dacal

Zumbado

et al. 2021

Toxics

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Anticoagulant Rodenticide Contamination of Terrestrial Birds of Prey from Western Canada: Patterns and Trends, 1988–2018

Elliott

Silverthorn

Hindmarch

et al. 2022

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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As the dominant means for control of pest rodent populations globally, anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs), particularly the second‐generation compounds (SGARs), have widely contaminated nontarget organisms. We present data on hepatic residues of ARs in 741 raptorial birds found dead or brought into rehabilitation centers in British Columbia, Canada, over a 30‐year period from 1988 to 2018. Exposure varied by species, by proximity to residential areas, and over time, with at least one SGAR residue detected in 74% of individuals and multiple residues in 50% of individuals. By comparison, we detected first‐generation compounds in <5% of the raptors. Highest rates of exposure were in barred owls (Strix varia), 96%, and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), 81%, species with diverse diets, including rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus), and inhabiting suburban and intensive agricultural habitats. Barn owls (Tyto alba), mainly a vole (Microtus) eater, had a lower incidence of exposure of 65%. Putatively, bird‐eating raptors also had a relatively high incidence of exposure, with 75% of Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii) and 60% of sharp‐shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus) exposed. Concentrations of SGARs varied greatly, for example, in barred owls, the geometric mean ∑SGAR = 0.13, ranging from <0.005 to 1.81 μg/g wet weight (n = 208). Barred owls had significantly higher ∑SGAR concentrations than all other species, driven by significantly higher bromadiolone concentrations, which was predicted by the proportion of residential land within their home ranges. Preliminary indications that risk mitigation measures implemented in 2013 are having an influence on exposure include a decrease in mean concentrations of brodifacoum and difethialone in barred and great horned owls and an increase in bromodialone around that inflection point. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1903–1917. © 2022 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada.

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Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity in Terrestrial Raptors: Tools to Estimate the Impact on Populations in North America and Globally

Elliott,

Silverthorn,

English

et al. 2024

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) have caused widespread contamination and poisoning of predators and scavengers. The diagnosis of toxicity proceeds from evidence of hemorrhage, and subsequent detection of residues in liver. Many factors confound the assessment of AR poisoning, particularly exposure dose, timing and frequency of exposure, and individual and taxon‐specific variables. There is a need, therefore, for better AR toxicity criteria. To respond, we compiled a database of second‐generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) residues in liver and postmortem evaluations of 951 terrestrial raptor carcasses from Canada and the United States, 1989 to 2021. We developed mixed‐effects logistic regression models to produce specific probability curves of the toxicity of ∑SGARs at the taxonomic level of the family, and separately for three SGARs registered in North America, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, and difethialone. The ∑SGAR threshold concentrations for diagnosis of coagulopathy at 0.20 probability of risk were highest for strigid owls (15 ng g−1) lower and relatively similar for accipitrid hawks and eagles (8.2 ng g−1) and falcons (7.9 ng g−1), and much lower for tytonid barn owls (0.32 ng g−1). These values are lower than those we found previously, due to compilation and use of a larger database with a mix of species and source locations, and also to refinements in the statistical methods. Our presentation of results on the family taxonomic level should aid in the global applicability of the numbers. We also collated a subset of 440 single‐compound exposure events and determined the probability of SGAR‐poisoning symptoms as a function of SGAR concentration, which we then used to estimate relative SGAR toxicity and toxic equivalence factors: difethialone, 1, brodifacoum, 0.8, and bromadiolone, 0.5. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1–11. © 2024 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada and The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada.

show abstract

Intensive livestock farming as a major determinant of the exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides in raptors of the Canary Islands (Spain)

Cited by 20 publications

References 47 publications

A Method Scope Extension for the Simultaneous Analysis of POPs, Current-Use and Banned Pesticides, Rodenticides, and Pharmaceuticals in Liver. Application to Food Safety and Biomonitoring

A Method Scope Extension for the Simultaneous Analysis of POPs, Current-Use and Banned Pesticides, Rodenticides, and Pharmaceuticals in Liver. Application to Food Safety and Biomonitoring

Anticoagulant Rodenticide Contamination of Terrestrial Birds of Prey from Western Canada: Patterns and Trends, 1988–2018

Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity in Terrestrial Raptors: Tools to Estimate the Impact on Populations in North America and Globally

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