Tracing consumption patterns of stimulants, opioids, and ketamine in China by wastewater-based epidemiology

Liu, Siyu; Yu, Wenjing; Wang, Yiru; Shao, Xianzhao; Wang, Degao

doi:10.1007/s11356-020-12035-w

Cited by 31 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…45 The amount of NPS seized by authorities increased from 20 kg in 2015 to 800 kg in 2016 in China, which also contributed to the decrease in KET use. 36,[46][47][48][49] Meanwhile, an increasing number of NPS have been produced to escape legal sanctions. In 2018, 148 NPS were identified by Chinese authorities.…”

Section: Application Of Methods To Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,11,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35] This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of 2F-DCK and KET in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of the provinces previously mentioned (Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Fujian) and the adjacent provinces (Guizhou, Guangxi, and Sichuan), where KET is most commonly used. 36 The application of an analytical method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was presented. The method was validated for 2F-DCK and KET by assessing the following parameters: linearity, accuracy, and recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presence of the ketamine analog of 2‐fluorodeschloroketamine residues in wastewater

Shao

Lin

et al. 2021

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Ketamine (KET) analogs are increasingly emerging as new psychoactive substances (NPS). The present report describes the first detection of the KET analog, 2‐fluorodeschloroketamine (2F‐DCK), in influent samples collected from nine wastewater treatment plants in seven major Chinese cities from 2018 to 2020 by wastewater‐based epidemiology (WBE). An analytical method based on solid‐phase extraction and subsequent gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was developed for the detection of 2F‐DCK and KET. The stability experiments showed that 2F‐DCK and KET remained stable in wastewater for 15 days at room and frozen temperatures, and at two pH values (pH = 7 and pH = 2), with residue amounts between 90% and 110%. KET was detected in all samples, whereas 2F‐DCK was detected in only four samples: from Guangzhou in 2018, Shenzhen in 2019, and Quanzhou and Nanning in 2020, indicating that 2F‐DCK has been used as early as 2018 in China. The renal clearance of 2F‐DCK was predicted based on the quantitative structure–pharmacokinetic relationship model, which was used to calculate an excretion factor of 3.7. The 2F‐DCK consumption in four cities ranged from 3.71 ± 0.05 to 55 ± 0.09 mg/day/1000 inh, and KET ranged from 1.3 ± 0.04 to 76.5 ± 4.63 mg/day/1000 inh. This is the first study to investigate 2F‐DCK by WBE, which provides relevant real‐time data on the growth of NPS use, as well as useful information for the government to develop new policies.

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Section: Application Of Methods To Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence of the ketamine analog of 2‐fluorodeschloroketamine residues in wastewater

Shao

Lin

et al. 2021

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…Reports of drug abuse in South Africa are available [ 117 – 122 ], and the increased crime rate has been associated with drug abuse apart from other factors [ 118 , 119 ]. Identification of multiple drugs, including TDA and NPS, indicates polydrug nature and the possibility of contamination of the ecosystem.…”

Section: Occurrences Of Illicit Drugs In African Environmental Compar...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Illicit Drug Use to Pharmaceutical Load in the Environment: A Focus on Sub‐Saharan Africa

Ripanda

Rwiza

Nyanza

et al. 2022

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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Illicit drug abuse and addiction are universal issues requiring international cooperation and interdisciplinary and multisectoral solutions. These addictive substances are utilized for recreational purposes worldwide, including in sub-Saharan Africa. On the other hand, conventional wastewater treatment facilities such as waste stabilization ponds lack the design to remove the most recent classes of pollutants such as illicit drug abuse. As a result, effluents from these treatment schemes contaminate the entire ecosystem. Public health officials are concerned about detecting these pollutants at alarming levels in some countries, with potential undesirable effects on aquatic species and increased health hazards through exposure to contaminated waters or recycling treated or untreated effluents in agriculture. Contaminants including illicit substances enter the environment by human excreta following illegal intake, spills, or through direct dumping, such as from clandestine laboratories, when their manufacturer does not follow accepted production processes. These substances, like other pharmaceuticals, have biological activity and range from pseudopersistent to highly persistent compounds; hence, they persist in the environment while causing harm to the ecosystem. The presence of powerful pharmacological agents such as cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine in water as complex combinations can impair aquatic organisms and human health. These compounds can harm human beings and ecosystem health apart from their low environmental levels. Therefore, this article examines the presence and levels of illicit substances in ecological compartments such as wastewater, surface and ground waters in sub-Saharan Africa, and their latent impact on the ecosystem. The information on the occurrences of illicit drugs and their metabolic products in the sub-Saharan Africa environment and their contribution to pharmaceutical load is missing. In this case, it is important to research further the presence, levels, distribution, and environmental risks of exposure to human beings and the entire ecosystem.

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“…reported similar results in Slovakia . MC concentrations in wastewater in the United States and Australia were higher. − For example, loads in some communities reached about 20 mg/1000 inh/d in Kentucky, whereas loads in Adelaide of Australia were around 10 mg/1000 inh/d. , Recently, Liu et al performed a nationwide survey on the occurrence of MC, among other drugs, in the wastewater of China . MC was detected in the majority of WWTPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…EPH and PEPH have been included in a number of WBE studies. ,− However, none of these studies looked into MC. Similarly, the WBE studies that examined MC occurrence did not look into EPH and PEPH in wastewater. − Liu et al did examine the occurrence of MC and EPH in wastewater simultaneously . However, they did not consider the possibility of EPH transformation into MC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Transformation of Ephedrine/Pseudoephedrine and Methcathinone in Wastewater in China

Huang

Bai

Huang³

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Previous wastewater-based epidemiology studies on methcathinone (MC), a controlled substance in many countries, attributed its occurrence in wastewater to its misuse. However, such attribution did not consider the possibility that MC may also come from the transformation of ephedrine (EPH) and pseudo-ephedrine (PEPH). In this work, EPH/PEPH and MC in wastewater of six major Chinese cities were systematically examined. EPH/PEPH concentrations in all the cities showed clear seasonal variations, with maximum and minimum concentrations observed in winter and summer, respectively. In contrast, MC concentrations were the lowest in winter, leading to minimum concentration ratios between MC and EPH/PEPH in winter. Lack of MC seizure in the cities suggests that MC abuse could not account for the ubiquitous detection of the substance in the wastewater of these cities. Batch experiments confirmed EPH/PEPH transformation into MC in wastewater. The significantly lower transformation rate at a lower temperature was consistent with low MC concentrations in winter. These results indicate that when monitoring MC through wastewater, EPH/PEPH concentrations must be determined simultaneously to avoid false identification of MC abuse. The observed ratios of MC to EPH/PEPH concentrations in this work may be used to determine MC abuse. Alternatively, other biomarkers (e.g., cathinone) may be considered to avoid interference from EPH/PEPH transformation.

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Tracing consumption patterns of stimulants, opioids, and ketamine in China by wastewater-based epidemiology

Cited by 31 publications

References 67 publications

Presence of the ketamine analog of 2‐fluorodeschloroketamine residues in wastewater

Presence of the ketamine analog of 2‐fluorodeschloroketamine residues in wastewater

Contribution of Illicit Drug Use to Pharmaceutical Load in the Environment: A Focus on Sub‐Saharan Africa

Occurrence and Transformation of Ephedrine/Pseudoephedrine and Methcathinone in Wastewater in China

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