Phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary dynamics of H3N2 canine and feline influenza virus strains from 2006 to 2019

Abstract

H3N2 feline influenza virus (FIV) and canine influenza virus (CIV) are very common in cats and dogs. Due to the ability of the influenza virus to spread across hosts and frequent contact between pets and people, there exist huge public health problems. In this study, we collected H3N2 CIV and FIV genomes from 2006 to 2019 from NCBI and analyzed the evolutionary dynamics and molecular variation using a series of phylogenetic analysis methods. Results indicated that H3N2 FIVs were closely related to CIVs with high posterior probability and CIVs and FIVs have certain regional characteristics. However, compared with previous studies, the significance of geographical structure correlation decreased. Furthermore, we also found that the intrasubtypic reassortment between FIVs and CIVs were common during epidemics. The integrated analysis was also performed for different selection pressure acting on HA (566 codons), NA (469 codons), M1 (252 codons), and M2 (97 codons) proteins. One HA, two NA, three M1, and two M2 sites were found under positive selection. We subsequently performed the evolutionary dynamics of H3N2 CIV. The results indicated that the time of the most recent common ancestor of CIV H3N2 may have occurred earlier than indicated in a previous study. The Bayesian skyline plot analysis in this study showed the period of divergence of major H3N2 CIVs segments occurred between 2008 and 2010. Notably, according to our research, the PB1 has experienced two divergence periods (2006–2008 and 2009–2011).

Host Adaptive Evolution of Avian-Origin H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus

“…In addition, several putative or confirmed adaptive mutations that separate H3N2 CIV from avian reservoir viruses or lead to antigenic changes among circulation clades had been reported previously ( Yang et al, 2013 ; Lin et al, 2016 ; He et al, 2019 ; Lyu et al, 2019 ; Wu et al, 2021 ). Recently, the evolutionary dynamics on population size, selection pressure, and nucleotide substitution rates on virus genes of H3N2 CIV has been estimated ( Shen et al, 2021 ). However, the genetic factors associated with its adaptation remain unclear.…”

A Characterization and an Evolutionary and a Pathogenicity Analysis of Reassortment H3N2 Avian Influenza Virus in South China in 2019–2020

“…The serum antibody test results of all the challenge groups were positive. The titer of antiserum of G188, G630, H34 and H159 were 2 4 , 2 5 , 2 4 , and 2 4 , respectively. After challenge, some mice in the G630, H34 and H159 groups died (6 mice of G630 group, 3 mice of H34 group and 5 mice of H159 group had died), and their body weights temporarily decreased (Figure 5).…”

“…Viruses 2022, 14, 2574 2 of 16 H3N2 CIVs or CIV and FIV [5]. Reassortment between the H3N2-subtype human influenza virus and H1N1-subtype swine influenza virus has also been common in swine in recent times [6,7].…”