Traditional Chinese medicine combined with pulmonary drug delivery system and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Rationale and therapeutic potential

PEGylated green halloysite/spinel ferrite nanocomposites for pH sensitive delivery of dexamethasone: A potential pulmonary drug delivery treatment option for COVID-19

“…2 (a-d). Hal and modified nanocomposites showed a type IV isotherm with H 3 hysteresis pattern at higher relative pressure between 0.7 and 1.0, indicating both micro and mesopore characterisics ( Zhang et al, 2021a , Zhang et al, 2021b , Zhang et al, 2021c ). As presented in Table 1 , the surface area of halloysite was observed to be 76 m 2 /g ( Fig.…”

“…COVID-19 infection is reported to occur at lower respiratory mucosa region ( Subbarao and Mahanty, 2020 ). Spike proteins of COVID-19 interact preferentially with ACE2 receptor expressured in cells of human (lung and other vital organs) ( Andersen et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2021a , Zhang et al, 2021b , Zhang et al, 2021c ; Izda et al, 2021 ).…”

“…One strategy involves blocking the virus entry by blocking specific CoV receptors using protease inhibitors (Camostat mesylate, Umifenovir, lopinavir/ritonavir) ( Heinrich et al, 2020 ), immunotherapies involving TNF inhibitor (Thalidomide, Adalimumab), IL-6 receptor antagonist (Sarilumab, Tocilizumab), IL-6 antagonist (Siltuximab) ( Masoomikarimi et al, 2021 ). A drug combinations including a corticosteroid drugs, immunosuppressant, antibiotics, antioxidant along with traditional medications was reported to be effective to some extend in controlling the lung infection and cytokines ( Zhang et al, 2021a , Zhang et al, 2021b , Zhang et al, 2021c ). Several drugs like Remdesivir, Ribavirin, Favipiravir, Interferons, Lopinavir/ritonavir, Chloroquine, Umifenovir, Ivermectin, Dexamethasone, Atazanavir, Imatinib, Ruxolitinib, Fluvoxamine, Baricitinib, Tocilizumab, Eculizumab, Molnupiravir, hydroxychloroquine/ azithromycin and 2-deoxy- d -glucose has been tested to treat COVID-19 infection ( Jean et al, 2020 ; Kumar and Trivedi, 2021 ).…”

Traditional Herbal Medicine Discovery for the Treatment and Prevention of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

“…The advantage of THM in treating cardiovascular diseases ( Yang J. et al, 2020 ) and chronic diseases such as bronchitis ( Yang, 2017 ), pulmonary fibrosis ( Zhang et al, 2021 ), and immune disorders ( Liu W. et al, 2020 ) is convincing since it is less likely to cause drug resistance and has lesser side effects. Notably, the safety evaluation of THM-derived active ingredients is also essential.…”

Therapeutic Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Bioactive Compounds Against Respiratory Diseases: Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory and High-Frequency Use

“…The ancient medicine books named "Shennong Ben Cao Jing" and "Shanghan Lun" clearly recorded the theories of traditional Chinese medicine, such as reducing phlegm and relieving cough and asthma, and many prescriptions for the prevention and treatment of lungrelated diseases. Based on thousands of years of clinical application and the modernization of TCM research, hundreds of Chinese medicines have been shown to be effective in the current clinical applications for treating respiratory infections, asthma, chronic lung diseases, and lung cancer; these effects are based on the therapeutic and improved effects for acute respiratory symptoms and lung dysfunction (Ren et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021). Importantly, bioactive compounds or their metabolites from these medicines with high-frequency use, such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids, are critical for the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases (Shahidi and Yeo, 2018;Ory et al, 2019;Russo et al, 2020).…”