“…), Firmicutes (e.g., E. Faecium , S. pneumoniae , S. aureus ), and Bacteroidetes (e.g., C. normanense , C. meningosepticum ) phyla ( Quintela-Baluja et al, 2019 ; Su et al, 2017 ). Besides, bacteria from Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla are major hosts of ARGs carried by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA]-related ( mec A, qac A, qac B, nor A) and carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae [CRE] (KPC, NDM, OXA-48) ( Yin et al, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2021 , Zhang et al, 2019 ). Fig.…”
The effectiveness of advanced technologies on eliminating antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and resistance genes (ARGs) from wastewaters have been recently investigated. Solar photo-Fenton has been proven effective in combating ARB and ARGs from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant effluent (MWWTPE). However, most of these studies have relied solely on cultivable methods to assess ARB removal. This is the first study to investigate the effect of solar photo-Fenton upon ARB and ARGs in MWWTPE by high throughput metagenomic analysis (16S rDNA sequencing and Whole Genome Sequencing). Treatment efficiency upon priority pathogens and resistome profile were also investigated. Solar photo-Fenton (30 mg L
−1
of Fe
2+
intermittent additions and 50 mg L
−1
of H
2
O
2
) reached 76–86% removal of main phyla present in MWWTPE. An increase in
Proteobacteria
abundance was observed after solar photo-Fenton and controls in which H
2
O
2
was present as an oxidant (Fenton, H
2
O
2
only, solar/H
2
O
2
). Hence, tolerance mechanisms presented by this group should be further assessed. Solar photo-Fenton achieved complete removal of high priority
Staphylococcus
and
Enterococcus
, as well as
Klebsiella pneumoniae
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. Substantial reduction of intrinsically multi-drug resistant bacteria was detected. Solar photo-Fenton removed nearly 60% of ARGs associated with sulfonamides, macrolides, and tetracyclines, and complete removal of ARGs related to β-lactams and fluoroquinolones. These results indicate the potential of using solar-enhanced photo-Fenton to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance, especially in developing tropical countries.
“…), Firmicutes (e.g., E. Faecium , S. pneumoniae , S. aureus ), and Bacteroidetes (e.g., C. normanense , C. meningosepticum ) phyla ( Quintela-Baluja et al, 2019 ; Su et al, 2017 ). Besides, bacteria from Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla are major hosts of ARGs carried by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA]-related ( mec A, qac A, qac B, nor A) and carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae [CRE] (KPC, NDM, OXA-48) ( Yin et al, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2021 , Zhang et al, 2019 ). Fig.…”
The effectiveness of advanced technologies on eliminating antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and resistance genes (ARGs) from wastewaters have been recently investigated. Solar photo-Fenton has been proven effective in combating ARB and ARGs from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant effluent (MWWTPE). However, most of these studies have relied solely on cultivable methods to assess ARB removal. This is the first study to investigate the effect of solar photo-Fenton upon ARB and ARGs in MWWTPE by high throughput metagenomic analysis (16S rDNA sequencing and Whole Genome Sequencing). Treatment efficiency upon priority pathogens and resistome profile were also investigated. Solar photo-Fenton (30 mg L
−1
of Fe
2+
intermittent additions and 50 mg L
−1
of H
2
O
2
) reached 76–86% removal of main phyla present in MWWTPE. An increase in
Proteobacteria
abundance was observed after solar photo-Fenton and controls in which H
2
O
2
was present as an oxidant (Fenton, H
2
O
2
only, solar/H
2
O
2
). Hence, tolerance mechanisms presented by this group should be further assessed. Solar photo-Fenton achieved complete removal of high priority
Staphylococcus
and
Enterococcus
, as well as
Klebsiella pneumoniae
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. Substantial reduction of intrinsically multi-drug resistant bacteria was detected. Solar photo-Fenton removed nearly 60% of ARGs associated with sulfonamides, macrolides, and tetracyclines, and complete removal of ARGs related to β-lactams and fluoroquinolones. These results indicate the potential of using solar-enhanced photo-Fenton to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance, especially in developing tropical countries.
“…Filamentous bacteria are the causing agents of bulking and foaming in WWTPs, which can reduce activated sludge sedimentability, thus negatively affecting the water quality of the effluent [49]. Notably, such foams have recently been found to carry antibioticresistant genes and human pathogenic bacteria, spreading them in the recipient water bodies [50]. Caravelli et al [51] reported that chlorination resulted in the inhibition of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge.…”
The evaluation of effluent wastewater quality mainly relies on the assessment of conventional bacterial indicators, such as fecal coliforms and enterococci; however, little is known about opportunistic pathogens, which can resist chlorination and may be transmitted in aquatic environments. In contrast to conventional microbiological methods, high-throughput molecular techniques can provide an accurate evaluation of effluent quality, although a limited number of studies have been performed in this direction. In this work, high-throughput amplicon sequencing was employed to assess the effectiveness of chlorination as a disinfection method for secondary effluents. Common inhabitants of the intestinal tract, such as Bacteroides, Arcobacter and Clostridium, and activated sludge denitrifiers capable of forming biofilms, such as Acidovorax, Pseudomonas and Thauera, were identified in the chlorinated effluent. Chloroflexi with dechlorination capability and the bacteria involved in enhanced biological phosphorus removal, i.e., Candidatus Accumulibacter and Candidatus Competibacter, were also found to resist chlorination. No detection of Escherichia indicates the lack of fecal coliform contamination. Mycobacterium spp. were absent in the chlorinated effluent, whereas toxin-producing cyanobacteria of the genera Anabaena and Microcystis were identified in low abundances. Chlorination significantly affected the filamentous bacteria Nocardioides and Gordonia, whereas Zoogloea proliferated in the disinfected effluent. Moreover, perchlorate/chlorate- and organochlorine-reducing bacteria resisted chlorination.
“…WWTPs are the central hub of antibiotic resistance in cities, because they continuously receive and spread ARB and ARGs from human sewage. -− ARB and ARGs have been widely detected in wastewater samples from WWTPs, and the antibiotic resistance ratio of natural surface water is lower compared to that in wastewater. This demonstrates the antibiotic resistance storage effect of sewage .…”
Section: Horizontal Transfer Of Args During Various Disinfection
Tech...mentioning
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment has created obstacles when treating infectious diseases with antibiotics. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) serve as reservoirs for ARB and ARGs and can disseminate them into the environment. It is important to understand and address these risks. Generally, professional disinfection processes have been used in WWTPs to disinfect the target water body, with the goal of eliminating pathogenic microorganisms in the water. However, ARGs are not generally considered, and antibiotic resistance has spread and developed through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). This Review provides a detailed overview of the application progress of different traditional and new disinfection technologies in removing ARB and ARGs, mainly focusing on the bacterial inactivation mechanisms of chlorination, ozonation, ultraviolet (UV) (including UVA, UVB, and UVC), sunlight, sunlight-dissolved organic matter (DOM), and photocatalysis (PC)/photoelectrocatalysis (PEC). In addition, this Review also focuses on the disinfection technology involved in the transfer of ARGs and clarifies the underlying transfer mechanisms in water environments. Furthermore, by linking the mechanisms of bacterial inactivation, the Review describes how SOS response and cell membrane permeability may be the key step in the conjugation, transformation, and transduction of ARGs. Finally, given the applications and current problems associated with traditional water disinfection technologies and light-based disinfection technologies in removing and controlling ARB and ARGs, this Review describes the current challenges and opportunities to facilitate the development of future disinfection technologies. The Review also highlights future research directions related to ARG transmission control.
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