Gunshot-victim cooperation with police investigations: Results from the Chicago Inmate Survey

White, K; Cook, Philip J.; Pollack, Harold A.

doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106381

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…A consistent factor identified as contributing to case clearance, for both homicides and non-fatal shootings, is victim cooperation (as distinct from witness cooperation). There is a consistent finding, however, that shooting victims are often uncooperative with the investigation of their own shooting (Cook et al, 2019;Hipple et al, 2019b;White et al, 2021). Several general factors explain a lack of victim cooperation with the police, including a belief that the policing system is inefficient and illegitimate (Tyler, 2004), embarrassment (Kaiser et al, 2017), a "no snitching" culture in some citizens (Clampet-Lundquist et al, 2015), a fear of retaliation from offenders (Papp et al, 2019), and a stated goal of retaliation against known rivals and offenders (Brunson and Wade, 2019;Jacobs and Wright, 2006).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Information from the Centers for Disease Control shows that there were more than 14,000 firearm homicides and over 75,000 non-fatal shootings in the United States in 2019 (White et al, 2021). Unfortunately, gun violence is not a new phenomenon; it increased substantially during the 1980s and continued into the mid-1990s (Braga et al, 2008(Braga et al, , 2010.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effectiveness of standardized investigative tactics in clearing non-fatal shooting investigations

Phillips

Drake

Altheimer

2022

International Journal of Police Science & Management

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Much research explores the correlates of clearing fatal shooting incidents. It is suggested that common investigative resources and tactics, such as the number of detectives and witness interviews, may be associated with clearing both fatal and non-fatal shooting cases. This study examines the effect of a standardized list of investigative tools in the clearing of non-fatal shooting incidents. For this study, detectives from the Buffalo Police Department's Gun Violence Unit completed an “Investigative Checklist” for non-fatal shootings that occurred between November 2019 and December 2020 ( N = 234 usable cases). Bivariate correlation analysis shows a strong association between uncooperative victims and a detective conducting multiple canvases as part of the investigation. Logistic regression shows that examining a suspect's social media information, and detectives accessing patrol car reports, contributed to successfully clearing a non-fatal shooting case. An uncooperative victim was negatively associated with clearing a case. Police practitioners should be aware, based on the findings of this and other research, that a small number of investigative techniques contribute to non-fatal shooting case clearance rates. It may be necessary for police agencies to construct detective units, and focus on a narrow set of investigative tactics, in a way that improved clearance rates in non-fatal shootings.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effectiveness of standardized investigative tactics in clearing non-fatal shooting investigations

Phillips

Drake

Altheimer

2022

International Journal of Police Science & Management

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“…In a recent qualitative analysis performed using data collected by the Chicago Inmate Survey, White et al. (2021) probed the perspectives of inmates who had previously been victims of gunshot assaults. Of the 82% of respondents who recalled being questioned by the police, only 34% reported cooperating with the investigation.…”

Section: Extant Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond impunity: An evaluation of New York State's nonfatal shooting initiative

Cochran

Worden

2022

Criminology & Public Policy

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New York State's nonfatal shooting initiative provided support to police departments and district attorney's offices in two cities, Newburgh and Utica, NY: two investigators and a crime analyst dedicated to nonfatal shooting investigations, training and technical assistance, and timely forensic laboratory analysis of evidence.Evaluation findings show that the initiative positively affected the processes and outcomes of nonfatal shooting investigations. The immediate effect of the initiative was dramatic in Newburgh and less pronounced but noteworthy in Utica. In both sites, however, clearance rates declined over time, as caseloads grew. The initiative consisted of several components: a commitment to evidence-based prosecutions; investigative personnel dedicated to nonfatal shooting cases; collaboration between investigative and prosecutorial actors. The immediate effects of the initiative suggest how successful nonfatal shooting investigations can be when they are better resourced, while the decay in the impacts over time illustrate the need to ensure that the resources are commensurate with the caseload.

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“…Hipple et al , 2019a) or focus on specific issues such as witness cooperation. A Chicago survey study of inmates who had been shot before found that half of them could have provided police investigators with useful information on the shooter, but most chose not to cooperate (White et al , 2021). The Chicago respondents generally invoked “street codes” against snitching, mistrust of the police and the desire to retaliate against the shooter personally as justifications against cooperation.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clearing gang- and drug-involved nonfatal shootings

Barao

Braga

Cook

2021

PIJPSM

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PurposeClearance rates for nonfatal shootings, especially cases involving gang- and drug-related violence, are disturbingly low in many US cities. Using data from a previously completed project in Boston, we explore the prospects for improving gang/drug nonfatal shooting cases by investing the same investigative effort found in similar gang/drug gun murder cases.Design/methodology/approachOur analyses primarily focus on a sample of 231 nonfatal shootings that occurred in Boston from 2010 to 2014. Logistic regressions are first used to analyze differences in the likelihood of case clearance for gang/drug nonfatal shooting cases relative to other nonfatal shooting cases. Independent samples t-tests are then used to compare the investigative characteristics of these two different kinds of nonfatal shootings. Next, independent samples t-tests are used to compare the investigation of gang/drug gun assaults relative to the investigation of very similar gang/drug gun homicides.FindingsResults demonstrate that the odds of clearing gang/drug nonfatal shootings are 77.2% less likely relative to the odds of clearing nonfatal shootings resulting from other circumstances. This stark difference in clearance rates is not driven by diminished investigative effort, but investigative effort does matter. Relative to gang/drug gun assaults, gang/drug gun homicides have much higher clearance rates that are the result of greater investigative resources and effort that produces significantly more witnesses and evidence, and generate more forensic tests and follow-up investigative actions.Originality/valueGang- and drug-related violence generates a bulk of urban nonfatal shootings. Low clearance rates for nonfatal shootings undermine police efforts to hold offenders accountable, disrupt cycles of gun violence, and provide justice to victims. Police should make investments to improve investigative effort such as handling these cases with the same vigor as homicide cases.

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Gunshot-victim cooperation with police investigations: Results from the Chicago Inmate Survey

Cited by 13 publications

References 24 publications

The effectiveness of standardized investigative tactics in clearing non-fatal shooting investigations

The effectiveness of standardized investigative tactics in clearing non-fatal shooting investigations

Beyond impunity: An evaluation of New York State's nonfatal shooting initiative

Clearing gang- and drug-involved nonfatal shootings

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