Residential surrounding greenness and self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents

Residential green space and mental health-related prescription medication sales: An ecological study in Belgium

“…First, our results are in agreement with several earlier studies that have reported that living in greener areas is associated with several mental health benefits [e.g. in children (Engemann et al 2020;Davis et al 2021;Fyfe-Johnson et al 2021); adolescents (Hartley et al 2021); adults (Gascon et al 2015;2018); older adults (Pun et al 2018)]. For instance, in a crosssectional study that analyzed data from 94879 adult participants in the UK, an inverse association between residential "greenness" (measured as IQR increment of NDVI) and depression was observed (OR 0.96, 95%CI 0.93-0.99) (Sarkar et al 2018).…”

Greenspace and mortality in the U.K. Biobank: Longitudinal cohort analysis of socio-economic, environmental, and biomarker pathways

“…Observational cohort studies showed higher greenspace is associated with lower mortality in Europe ( Orioli et al, 2019 ),( Vienneau et al, 2017 ),( Klompmaker et al, 2020 ),( Nieuwenhuijsen et al, 2018 ), North America ( James et al, 2016 ),( Crouse et al, 2017 ),( Villeneuve et al, 2012 ), and China ( Ji et al, 2019 ), for all-cause ( Rojas-Rueda et al, 2019 ),( Orioli et al, 2019 ),( Ji et al, 2019 ), cardiovascular, cerebrovascular ( Orioli et al, 2019 ), respiratory( Vienneau et al, 2017 ), and cancer mortalities ( James et al, 2016 ). Greenspace has also been suggested to benefit the health by promoting mental well-being ( Wang et al, 2021 ),( Pun et al, 2018 ), decreasing anxiety and depression ( Taylor et al, 2015 ),( Hartley et al, 2021 ), increasing propensity for physical activity ( Almanza et al, 2012 ), reducing obesity ( Sarkar, 2017 ),( Luo et al, 2020 ), and decreasing noise ( Dzhambov et al, 2018 ), extreme heat ( Loughner et al, 2012 ),( Maimaitiyiming et al, 2014 ), and the concentration of air pollutants such as fine particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide ( Nowak et al, 2006 ).…”

“…One study also showed that people in the U.K. with higher income were more likely to have higher levels of greenspace ( Mitchell & Popham, 2008 ), which motivated us to explore the association between SES, greenspace, and health. Second, greenspace is measured in a variety of ways, such as using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) ( Wang et al, 2021 ),( Pun et al, 2018 ),( Hartley et al, 2021 ),( Almanza et al, 2012 ),( Sarkar, 2017 ),( Luo et al, 2020 ),( Dzhambov et al, 2018 ), street view ( Wang et al, 2021 ), tree density ( Taylor et al, 2015 ),( Dzhambov et al, 2018 ), percentage of greenspace ( Dzhambov et al, 2018 ), as well as percentage of landscape ( Maimaitiyiming et al, 2014 ) from remote sensing methods. Third, for biological etiology, mediation analysis is an approach to disentangle the different pathways that could explain the effect of an exposure on an outcome and therefore helps to assess the extent to which the effect of an exposure is explained ( Richiardi et al, 2013 ).…”

Holistic approach to assess the association between the synergistic effect of physical activity, exposure to greenspace, and fruits and vegetable intake on health and wellbeing: Cross-sectional analysis of UK Biobank

“…For example, similar to our results, Zhang et al (86) found a negative association between the percentage of green space and depression symptoms in adolescents at a 100 m buffer in adjusted models and no association once the models were corrected for confounders. Hartley et al (87) found no significant association between the percentage of green space and several mental issues in kids and adolescents at a 200 m buffer. Still, they found a negative association between greenspace and anxiety for buffer distances at 400 and 800 m. Moreover, it has been shown that the benefits of natural spaces to people are not one-dimensional and depend on several factors, such as proximity to the green area, type of greenspace, how often the greenspace is visited, and the time spent in the greenspace (88)(89)(90).…”