“…Hazard quotients for PPCPs showed that the exposed population is unlikely to experience adverse health effects due to these chemicals, based on the concentrations used in this study. In the study by Kong et al ( 2021 ), while the non-carcinogenic risk of antibiotics in drinking water was negligible, the ecological risks were high, based on the antibiotics concentrations in surface water around Lake Luoma in the north of Jiangsu province, China. The major concern with PPCPs is the endocrine disruption caused by natural and synthetic steroids and an increase in antibiotic resistance among microorganisms (Manickum and John 2014 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Regulation of pharmaceuticals and their treatment are not as stringent in African countries as compared to developed economies; and the current wastewater treatment systems were not designed with the intent of managing pharmaceuticals as pollutants (Agunbiade and Moodley 2016 ) but will, to a varying degree, reduce their concentrations (Matongo et al 2015 ; Faleye et al 2019 ). Different investigations confirm the presence of PPCPs in natural waters around the world, including freshwater (such as rivers, streams, lakes), marine and estuarine environments, groundwater, and sediment (Agunbiade and Moodley 2016 ; Kong et al 2021 ; Adeleye et al 2022 ). The presence of PPCPs in receiving waters and sediments has been shown in the KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa (Matongo et al 2015 ; Agunbiade and Moodley 2016 ).…”
A quantitative chemical risk assessment was performed using published data as well as data from the official monitoring programme for the uMsunduzi River in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The chemicals assessed were organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), heavy metals, and nitrates and phosphates. The water from uMsunduzi River is used locally without treatment. Consequently, the exposure routes investigated were via ingestion during domestic drinking and incidental ingestion during recreational activities, which were swimming and non-competitive canoeing, for both adults and children. For the individual chemicals, non-carcinogenic risks using the hazard quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risks using the cancer risk (CR) were quantified. It was found that the exposed population is likely to experience non-carcinogenic effects from pesticides and phosphates, but not from PPCPs, heavy metals and nitrates. This study also found that the carcinogenic risks for OCPs were higher than the tolerable limit of 10-5, while for lead the risk was below the tolerable limit. Some of the activities that potentially contribute to chemicals onto the uMsunduzi River are subsistence farming, small plantations, illegal dumping, industries, and broken sewers. The findings of this study may act as the technical foundation for the introduction of pollution reduction measures within the catchment, including public education.
Graphical Abstract
“…Hazard quotients for PPCPs showed that the exposed population is unlikely to experience adverse health effects due to these chemicals, based on the concentrations used in this study. In the study by Kong et al ( 2021 ), while the non-carcinogenic risk of antibiotics in drinking water was negligible, the ecological risks were high, based on the antibiotics concentrations in surface water around Lake Luoma in the north of Jiangsu province, China. The major concern with PPCPs is the endocrine disruption caused by natural and synthetic steroids and an increase in antibiotic resistance among microorganisms (Manickum and John 2014 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Regulation of pharmaceuticals and their treatment are not as stringent in African countries as compared to developed economies; and the current wastewater treatment systems were not designed with the intent of managing pharmaceuticals as pollutants (Agunbiade and Moodley 2016 ) but will, to a varying degree, reduce their concentrations (Matongo et al 2015 ; Faleye et al 2019 ). Different investigations confirm the presence of PPCPs in natural waters around the world, including freshwater (such as rivers, streams, lakes), marine and estuarine environments, groundwater, and sediment (Agunbiade and Moodley 2016 ; Kong et al 2021 ; Adeleye et al 2022 ). The presence of PPCPs in receiving waters and sediments has been shown in the KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa (Matongo et al 2015 ; Agunbiade and Moodley 2016 ).…”
A quantitative chemical risk assessment was performed using published data as well as data from the official monitoring programme for the uMsunduzi River in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The chemicals assessed were organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), heavy metals, and nitrates and phosphates. The water from uMsunduzi River is used locally without treatment. Consequently, the exposure routes investigated were via ingestion during domestic drinking and incidental ingestion during recreational activities, which were swimming and non-competitive canoeing, for both adults and children. For the individual chemicals, non-carcinogenic risks using the hazard quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risks using the cancer risk (CR) were quantified. It was found that the exposed population is likely to experience non-carcinogenic effects from pesticides and phosphates, but not from PPCPs, heavy metals and nitrates. This study also found that the carcinogenic risks for OCPs were higher than the tolerable limit of 10-5, while for lead the risk was below the tolerable limit. Some of the activities that potentially contribute to chemicals onto the uMsunduzi River are subsistence farming, small plantations, illegal dumping, industries, and broken sewers. The findings of this study may act as the technical foundation for the introduction of pollution reduction measures within the catchment, including public education.
Graphical Abstract
“…Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is a process of analyzing and evaluating the possibility of adverse ecological effects caused by environmental pollutants and quantifying the ecological harm of pollutants to the environment through concentration threshold or risk entropy (Kong et al 2021). The specific steps are as follows: (1) Acquisition and analysis of toxicity data, (2) curve fitting of species sensitivity distribution (SSD) and calculation of HC5, (3) calculation of Predictive No Effect Concentration (PNEC) and Risk Entropy (RQ) (Wang et al2017), (4) characterization of ecological risks of pollutants.…”
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to detect and analyze phenolic compounds in the surface waters of four urban lakes in Xi'an -Hancheng Lake, Xingqing Lake, Nanhu Lake, and Taohuatan Lake. A total of 5 phenolic compounds were detected from the water samples, with a concentration range of ND-100.32 ng/L, of which bisphenol A (BPA) and nonyl phenol (NP) were the main types of phenolic compounds pollution in the four lakes. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the concentration of phenolic compounds in the lake waters of Xi'an City and the water quality indicators COD, TP, NH 3 -N, DO, and pH during the same period. It was found that there was a significant positive relationship between the concentration of BPA and COD, the concentration of estradiol (17-beta-E2), estrone (E1) and TP and TN, the concentration of octylphenol (4-t-OP) and pH. The ecological risk assessment (ERA) shows that the concentration of BPA, 4-t-OP and NP in the lakes is at a medium risk level( is between 0.1-1), and that of E1 is at a high risk level (is greater than 1). Female cells (breast cancer cells) and male germ cells (testis cells) of mice were used as research objects to explore BPA and NP Toxic effect on mouse germ cells. BPA and NP at a concentration of 10 -8 mol/L were found to have the most value-inducing effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cells positive for estrogen receptor. Obviously, both BPA and NP can induce the proliferation of testicular Sertoli cells.
“…Since the discovery of penicillin in 1929, antibiotics were frequently used as clinical agents to prevent and treat bacterial infections in human and veterinary medicine ( Kong et al, 2020 ). Effective antibiotics were the cornerstone of modern medicine supporting organ transplants, surgical prophylaxis, protecting newborns from septic infections and avoiding infections during cancer chemotherapy.…”
A fluorescent immunoassay based on europium nanoparticles (EuNPs-FIA) was developed for the simultaneous detection of antibiotic residues, solving the problems of single target detection and low sensitivity of traditional immunoassay methods. In the EuNPs-FIA, EuNPs were used as indictive probes by binding to anti-tetracyclines monoclonal antibodies (anti-TCs mAb), anti-sulphonamides monoclonal antibodies (anti-SAs mAb) and anti-fluoroquinolones monoclonal antibodies (anti-FQs mAb), respectively. Different artificial antigens were assigned to different regions of the nitrocellulose membrane as capture reagents. The EuNPs-FIA allowed for the simultaneous detection of three classes of antibiotics (tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and sulphonamides) within 15 min. It enabled both the qualitative determination with the naked eye under UV light and the quantitative detection of target antibiotics by scanning the fluorescence intensity of the detection probes on the corresponding detection lines. For qualitative analysis, the cut-off values for tetracyclines (TCs), fluoroquinolones (FQs) and sulphonamides (SAs) were 3.2 ng/ml, 2.4 ng/ml and 4.0 ng/ml, respectively, which were much lower than the maximum residue limit in food. For quantitative analysis, these ranged from 0.06 to 6.85 ng/ml for TCs, 0.03–5.14 ng/ml for FQs, and 0.04–4.40 ng/ml for SAs. The linear correlation coefficients were higher than 0.97. The mean spiked recoveries ranged from 92.1 to 106.2% with relative standard deviations less than 8.75%. Among them, the three monoclonal antibodies could recognize four types of TCs, seven types of FQs and 13 types of SAs, respectively, and the detection range could cover 24 antibiotic residues with different structural formulations. The results of the detection of antibiotic residues in real samples using this method were highly correlated with those of high performance liquid chromatography (R2 > 0.98). The accuracy and precision of the EuNPs-FIA also met the requirements for quantitative analysis. These results suggested that this multiplex immunoassay method was a promising method for rapid screening of three families of antibiotic residues.
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