Quantifying anthropogenic threats affecting Marine Protected Areas in developing countries

Júnior, José Gilmar Cavalcante de Oliveira; Campos‐Silva, João Vitor; Santos, Davi Teles Vinhas; Ladle, Richard J.; Batista, Vandick da Silva

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111614

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…We used georeferenced data to calculate the distance from the boundary of the MKGR and identify hotspots of illicit grazing in the MKGR using ArcGIS and QGIS 10.8 and 3.18, respectively. We visualized the hotspots of illegal grazing by plotting four heat maps with Kernel density for years 1990-1998, 2000-2003, 2006-2014 for TAWIRI'S survey data and the years 2017-2019 based on ranger reports [25]. The distance from the boundary of the MKGR was calculated using the ArcGIS nearest distance tool to determine how far the livestock entered into the reserve over time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reasons for entering into PAs with livestock have repeatedly been named as lenient penalties for illegal grazing compared to other wildlife offences [17], the demand of foraging resources inside PAs, which are not found elsewhere [21], a limited benefit that communities receive from wildlife resources [22,23], owning large numbers of livestock [21] and limited anti-poaching efforts in relation to the size and challenge of the PAs [17,24]. Studying the combination of illegal activities such as illegal fishing, grazing, logging, wildlife poaching and wildlife snaring prevents a deeper understanding of their driving cause, especially grazing activities, and hinders suitable developing approaches towards interventions [17,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Increasing Illegal Livestock Grazing over Three Decades at Moyowosi Kigosi Game Reserve, Tanzania

Musika

Wakibara

Ndakidemi

et al. 2021

Land

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The global increase of livestock has caused illegal intrusion of livestock into protected areas. Until now, hotspot areas of illegal grazing have rarely been mapped, long-term monitoring data are missing, and little is known about the drivers of illegal grazing. We localized hotspots of illegal grazing and identified factors that influenced spatio-temporal patterns of illegal grazing over three decades in the Moyowosi Kigosi Game Reserve (MKGR), Tanzania. We used questionnaires with local pastoralists (N = 159), georeferenced aerial survey data and ranger reports from 1990–2019 to understand the reasons for illegal grazing in the area. We found that hotspots of illegal grazing occurred initially within 0–20 km of the boundary (H (3) = 137, p < 0.001; (H (3) = 32, p < 0.001) and encroached further into the protected area with time (H (3) = 11.3, p = 0.010); (H (2) = 59.0, p < 0.001). Further, livestock herd sizes decreased with increasing distance from the boundary (R = −0.20, p = 0.020; R = −0.40, p = 0.010). Most interviewees (81%) claimed that they face challenges of reduced foraging land in the wet season, caused by increasing land used for cultivation, which drives them into the MKGR to feed their livestock. We conclude that there is spatio-temporal consistency in the illegal livestock intrusion over three decades, and hotspot areas are located along the boundary of the MKGR. We suggest focusing patrols at these hotspot areas, especially during the wet season, to use limited law enforcement resources effectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Increasing Illegal Livestock Grazing over Three Decades at Moyowosi Kigosi Game Reserve, Tanzania

Musika

Wakibara

Ndakidemi

et al. 2021

Land

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“…This observation suggests that nonlethal incidents, possibly influenced by intrinsic factors, have become more prevalent, indirectly indicating a decline in the overall health status of the population. Unfortunately, the population’s predicament seems to be exacerbated by the development of the surrounding urban area (Figure D), leading to an escalation of the TI. − The marine environment of the PRE faces substantial pollution from agricultural and industrial contaminants . Stranded dolphins reveal high levels of various pollutants, with EDC levels notably elevated on a global scale. ,,, EDC contaminants are identified as one of the most critical stressors contributing to the decline of the PRE humpback dolphin population. , …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Exposure Induces Adverse Effects on the Population Dynamics of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin

Luo,

Guo,

Liu

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Cetaceans play a pivotal role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of ocean ecosystems. However, their populations are under global threat from environmental contaminants. Various high levels of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been detected in cetaceans from the South China Sea, such as the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), suggesting potential health risks, while the impacts of endocrine disruptors on the dolphin population remain unclear. This study aims to synthesize the population dynamics of the humpback dolphins in the PRE and their profiles of EDC contaminants from 2005 to 2019, investigating the potential role of EDCs in the population dynamics of humpback dolphins. Our comprehensive analysis indicates a sustained decline in the PRE humpback dolphin population, posing a significant risk of extinction. Variations in sex hormones induced by EDC exposure could potentially impact birth rates, further contributing to the population decline. Anthropogenic activities consistently emerge as the most significant stressor, ranking highest in importance. Conventional EDCs demonstrate more pronounced impacts on the population compared to emerging compounds. Among the conventional pollutants, DDTs take precedence, followed by zinc and chromium. The most impactful emerging EDCs are identified as alkylphenols. Notably, as the profile of EDCs changes, the significance of conventional pollutants may give way to emerging EDCs, presenting a continued challenge to the viability of the humpback dolphin population.

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“…Marine biodiversity is noted to be declining globally, partly due to climatic changes caused by anthropogenic activities (Bullock et al., 2021; Closek et al., 2019; de Oliveira Júnior et al., 2021). To protect marine environments, various entities are rooting for comprehensive biodiversity assessment initiatives to inform strategic management regimens (Cochrane et al., 2016; Lotze, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of environmental DNA metabarcoding technique to reinforce fish biodiversity assessments in seagrass ecosystems: A case study of Gazi bay seagrass meadows

Mwamburi,

Uku,

Wambiji

et al. 2023

Environmental DNA

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Assessing biodiversity in marine nearshore ecosystems is crucial for effective management, especially in the context of climate change and overexploitation of marine resources. Conventional methods often fall short in providing comprehensive information for managing seagrass ecosystems. However, the emergence of environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques has transformed the field by enabling noninvasive surveys that are cost effective and provide detailed information with high resolution. In this study, we utilized eDNA to assess fish diversity and compared its effectiveness to conventional techniques such as catch assessment surveys and underwater surveys. We sampled three habitats (A: mangrove‐seagrass, B: seagrass only, and C: coral‐seagrass) with 4 replicates. Site A recorded 8 fish species, site B had 16 species, and site C, characterized by coral and seagrass habitats, exhibited the highest fish diversity with 45 species (mean H′ index = 2.455), underscoring its ecological importance. To ensure accurate taxonomic identification, we utilized an updated MiFish reference database containing a larger number of fish species compared to the initial library. This expanded reference database with 9569 fish species, facilitated more precise identification and enhanced the reliability of our findings. Notably, the eDNA technique outperformed conventional methods by detecting 23 additional fish species that went undetected using traditional surveys. Moreover, our study documented five fish species previously unknown to occur within the study region, further emphasizing the value of eDNA analysis in uncovering hidden biodiversity. These findings strongly advocate for integrating eDNA techniques into the monitoring and assessment of biodiversity in shallow tropical habitats of the Western Indian Ocean. By leveraging eDNA surveys, we can gain valuable insights into fish diversity, discover hidden species, and make informed decisions for the conservation and management of these ecologically significant areas.

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Quantifying anthropogenic threats affecting Marine Protected Areas in developing countries

Cited by 17 publications

References 105 publications

Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Increasing Illegal Livestock Grazing over Three Decades at Moyowosi Kigosi Game Reserve, Tanzania

Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Increasing Illegal Livestock Grazing over Three Decades at Moyowosi Kigosi Game Reserve, Tanzania

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Exposure Induces Adverse Effects on the Population Dynamics of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin

Integration of environmental DNA metabarcoding technique to reinforce fish biodiversity assessments in seagrass ecosystems: A case study of Gazi bay seagrass meadows

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