Underwater microplasma bubbles for efficient and simultaneous degradation of mixed dye pollutants

Degradation of contaminants in plasma technology: An overview

“…The standard operating condition considering discharge power (10–400 W), AC frequency (100–3000 Hz) and peak voltage (10.4–14.4 kV), in different plasma configuration, such as atmospheric – pressure plasma bubble and dielectric barrier discharge. Zhou et al (2021a) confirmed that single pollutants, namely, methylene blue, orange II, and alizarin yellow can be degraded via the atmospheric – pressure plasma bubble. Sanito et al (2020a) found that the treatment of epoxy resin mixed with CaCO 3 via an atmospheric-pressure microwave plasma showed a good removal rate of benzene and toluene, and Chung et al (2018) stated that active species plays an integral role in the oxidation that causes reduction of VOC concentration during plasma treatment.…”

“…Reactive species plays a major role in the degradation of pollutants because they create some reactions, namely, acid-base reactions (H 3 O + , HNO 2 , HNO 3 ), oxidation reactions (•H, H 2 O 2 , O 3 , O NOOH), reduction reactions (•H, •HO 2 ), and photochemical reactions (UV reaction from plasma), and it can be generated from plasma discharged ( Lukes et al, 2014 , Iervolino et al, 2020 , Zhou et al, 2021a , Zhou et al, 2021b , Zhou et al, 2021c , Zeghioud et al, 2020 ). Nayak et al (2017) pointed out that the essential species, namely, O 3 , O 2 , NO, N 2 O, NO 2 , NO 3 , and N 2 O 5 , are usually found in the discharges zones.…”

“…Plasma technology shows a promising result on the environmental clean-up for dealing with contaminants, such as volatile organic compounds ( Wessenback, 2016 , Chung et al, 2018 , Du et al, 2018 , Du et al, 2019 ; Sanito et al, 2020a ), recalcitrant organic compounds and dyes ( Zhang et al, 2021 , Zhou et al, 2021a , Zhou et al, 2021c , Zhou et al, 2021b ), metals, metalloids ( Cubas et al, 2014 , Cubas et al, 2015 , Sanito et al, 2020b , Sanito et al, 2020c ), carbon from plastic waste ( Sanito et al, 2020b ) and microorganism ( Santos et al, 2018 ), and mostly studies are based on the laboratory scale which are promising to be applied in the real application. Decomposition trichloroethylene (C 2 HCl 3 ), dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ), 1,1,1-Tricholorethane (C 2 H 3 Cl 3 ), carbon tetra chloride (CCl 4 ), chloroform (CHCl 3 ), carbon tetraflouride (CF 4 ), hexafluoroethane (C 2 F 6 ), and Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) showed a good progress conducted by corona discharge and dielectric barrier discharge ( Du et al, 2018 ).…”

“…Decomposition trichloroethylene (C 2 HCl 3 ), dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ), 1,1,1-Tricholorethane (C 2 H 3 Cl 3 ), carbon tetra chloride (CCl 4 ), chloroform (CHCl 3 ), carbon tetraflouride (CF 4 ), hexafluoroethane (C 2 F 6 ), and Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) showed a good progress conducted by corona discharge and dielectric barrier discharge ( Du et al, 2018 ). An application of atmospheric-microwave plasma bubble reactor for dealing with cefixime, azophloxine, and dyes pollutants have been conducted by Zhang et al (2021 ) , Zhou et al (2021a) and Zhou et al (2021b) . The standard operating condition considering discharge power (10–400 W), AC frequency (100–3000 Hz) and peak voltage (10.4–14.4 kV), in different plasma configuration, such as atmospheric – pressure plasma bubble and dielectric barrier discharge.…”

“…Recently, plasma technology has been applied to remove pollutants from hazardous waste ( Cubas et al, 2015 ; Sanito et al, 2020a ), wastewater ( Zhang et al, 2021 , Zhou et al, 2021a , Zhou et al, 2021b ), agriculture products, and foods and even generate syngas from the biomass ( Muvhiiwa et al, 2018 ). The reactive species in plasma system plays an integral role in the degradation of pollutants ( Locke and Shih, 2011 ).…”