“…Homogeneous oxidation of aqueous Mn(II) by dissolved O 2 is thermodynamically unfavorable (at pH < 8) and kinetically hindered due to high activation energy of the reaction, ,, yet there are many physical and chemical factors that drive abiotic formation and transformation of Mn-oxides. Mn(II) can be oxidized to Mn(III) by ROS (e.g., O 2 •– , 1 O 2 , OH • ) produced through abiotic pathways including Fe(II) oxidation, nitrate photolysis, , illumination of humic substances, and illumination of metal oxides in desert varnish . Further Mn(III) oxidation by ROS and/or disproportionation results in rapid Mn(IV)-oxide formation. , Mineral surfaces, such as Fe-oxides and Mn-oxides, also catalyze Mn(II) oxidation via interfacial catalysis and/or electrochemical reactions − at rates equivalent to or faster than biological oxidation. , Products of Mn(II) oxidation and Mn-oxide phase transformations are highly dependent on pH conditions (e.g., SI Figure S1) and mineral surface properties (e.g., semiconductivity, particle size, ions). ,,− For instance, the presence of transition metals (e.g., Co and Ni), high concentrations of uranyl, and thallium have all been shown to mediate changes in Mn-oxide crystallinity or phase transformation.…”