Cholesterol, lipoproteins, and COVID-19: Basic concepts and clinical applications

Kočar, Eva; Režen, Tadeja; Rozman, Damjana

doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158849

Cited by 99 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…In particular, the authors drew attention to the dysregulation of metabolism and transport of lipids in patients with COVID-19, which confirms the results of studies conducted earlier [ 102 ] in which it was found that impaired cholesterol homeostasis negatively affects the prognosis of COVID-19 and the effectiveness of antiviral therapy [ 101 , 102 ]. Based on the results obtained, the authors concluded that the assessment of the urine proteomic profile could potentially be used to differentiate and predict the course of COVID-19.…”

Section: A Year Of Fighting the Covid-19 Pandemic: Is It Already Tsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Based on the results obtained, the authors concluded that the assessment of the urine proteomic profile could potentially be used to differentiate and predict the course of COVID-19. In addition, characterization of the protein spectrum can help in understanding the pathogenesis of the new coronavirus infection [ 102 ].…”

Section: A Year Of Fighting the Covid-19 Pandemic: Is It Already Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laboratory-Based Resources for COVID-19 Diagnostics: Traditional Tools and Novel Technologies. A Perspective of Personalized Medicine

Andryukov

Беседнова

Кузнецова

et al. 2021

JPM

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The coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus, has provoked a global healthcare and economic crisis. The control over the spread of the disease requires an efficient and scalable laboratory-based strategy for testing the population based on multiple platforms to provide rapid and accurate diagnosis. With the onset of the pandemic, the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method has become a standard diagnostic tool, which has received wide clinical use. In large-scale and repeated examinations, these tests can identify infected patients with COVID-19, with their accuracy, however, dependent on many factors, while the entire process takes up to 6–8 h. Here we also describe a number of serological systems for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. These are used to assess the level of population immunity in various categories of people, as well as for retrospective diagnosis of asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 in patients. However, the widespread use of traditional diagnostic tools in the context of the rapid spread of COVID-19 is hampered by a number of limitations. Therefore, the sharp increase in the number of patients with COVID-19 necessitates creation of new rapid, inexpensive, sensitive, and specific tests. In this regard, we focus on new laboratory technologies such as loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), which have proven to work well in the COVID-19 diagnostics and can become a worthy alternative to traditional laboratory-based diagnostics resources. To cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, the healthcare system requires a combination of various types of laboratory diagnostic testing techniques, whodse sensitivity and specificity increases with the progress in the SARS-CoV-2 research. The testing strategy should be designed in such a way to provide, depending on the timing of examination and the severity of the infection in patients, large-scale and repeated examinations based on the principle: screening–monitoring–control. The search and development of new methods for rapid diagnostics of COVID-19 in laboratory, based on new analytical platforms, is still a highly important and urgent healthcare issue. In the final part of the review, special emphasis is made on the relevance of the concept of personalized medicine to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in the light of the recent studies carried out to identify the causes of variation in individual susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and increase the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of treatment.

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Section: A Year Of Fighting the Covid-19 Pandemic: Is It Already Tsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: A Year Of Fighting the Covid-19 Pandemic: Is It Already Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory-Based Resources for COVID-19 Diagnostics: Traditional Tools and Novel Technologies. A Perspective of Personalized Medicine

Andryukov

Беседнова

Кузнецова

et al. 2021

JPM

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“…On the other hand, evidence in silico suggests that statins might serve as efficient inhibitors of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 [62] . In addition, statin-induced decreases of cholesterol levels in plasma membranes could alter the assembly of ACE2 receptors, resulting in failure of SARS-CoV-2 internalization [10] , [63] . Moreover, statins may exert anti-inflammatory [55] , immunomodulatory [64] and antioxidant properties [65] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statins and clinical outcomes with COVID-19: Meta-analyses of observational studies

Scheen

2021

Diabetes & Metabolism

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Aims People with cardiovascular disease or risk factors are at increased risk when exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Most are treated with statins, but the impact of these drugs on clinical outcomes of COVID-19 remains unclear. This report is therefore based on meta-analyses of retrospective observational studies aimed at investigating the impact of previous statin therapy in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Methods In studies reporting on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in statin users vs non-users, two endpoints have been used—in-hospital death rates, and disease severity as assessed by admission to intensive care units (ICUs)—with a special focus on patients with diabetes. Results Regarding mortality, 13 studies were included in the meta-analysis for a total of 10,829 statin users (2517 deaths) and 31,893 non-users (7516 deaths): univariate analysis showed no statistically significant reduction in deaths (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.92–1.03), although between-study heterogeneity was high (I² = 97%). As for disease severity, 11 studies were selected for a total of 3462 statin users (724 endpoints) and 10,560 non-users (1763 endpoints): here again, univariate analysis showed no reduction in severity (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.99–1.22; I² = 93%). Collectively, in 10 studies using multivariable analysis adjusted for the more prevalent baseline risk factors among statin users, lower OR values were reported than with univariate analyses (0.73 ± 0.31 vs 1.44 ± 0.84, respectively; P = 0.0028; adjusted OR: P = 0.0237 vs non-users). Limited but conflicting findings were observed for diabetes patients. Conclusion Although no significant reductions in either in-hospital mortality or COVID-19 severity were reported among statin users compared with non-users after univariate comparisons, such reductions were observed after adjusting for confounding factors. These highly heterogeneous observational findings now require confirmation by ongoing randomized clinical trials.

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“…The cholesterol dependence of virus-cell interactions has also been demonstrated for various coronaviruses [14,15,[46][47][48][49][50][51][52], including SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 [50][51][52]. Li et al 2007 [50] reported that the production of SARS-CoV particles released from the infected Vero E6 is notably suppressed following cholesterol depletion by cell pretreatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (mβCD), and the addition of cholesterol to the culture medium reversed this effect.…”

Section: Some Interactions Of Enveloped Viruses With Host Cells Are Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These cholesterol-dependent processes play a significant role both at the stage of the virus entry and during the development of severe respiratory syndrome (SARS) and other health problems caused by coronaviruses SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2. Therefore, understanding this component is necessary for the development of additional approaches both to prevention and treatment of these diseases, and the attempts in this direction are being made (e.g., [13][14][15]). This review focuses on the fact that the coronavirus S protein, which is involved in cholesterol-dependent virus-cell interactions during entry and replication stages, contains the so-called cholesterol recognition amino-acid consensus (CRAC) motifs [16,17] that can actually mediate these interactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholesterol Recognition Motifs (CRAC) in the S Protein of Coronavirus: A Possible Target for Antiviral Therapy?

Dunina-Barkovskaya¹

2021

Management of Dyslipidemia

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Some interactions of enveloped viruses with the host cell membrane have a cholesterol-dependent component, which may account for clinical manifestations of the infectious disease and can be used for the development of antiviral drugs. These cholesterol-dependent interactions can be mediated by cholesterol-recognition amino-acid consensus (CRAC) motifs present in viral proteins. The S protein of the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 coronaviruses contains CRAC motifs that can be involved in the process of virus entry into the cell. Besides, during viral envelope formation, CRAC motifs can be responsible for binding of cell membrane cholesterol, leading to depletion of cell membrane cholesterol and subsequent malfunctioning of cellular cholesterol-dependent proteins, destabilization and permeabilization of cell membranes and, ultimately, to the death of infected cells. Understanding the mechanisms of cholesterol-dependent virus–cell interactions and the role of CRAC-containing viral proteins in the pathogenesis of the disease can serve as the basis for the development of new drugs that prevent both coronavirus entry into the cell and the damage of the infected cell during the viral morphogenesis. The target for such drugs can be the S-protein/cholesterol interface. CRAC-containing peptides derived from viral proteins may be among these agents. These peptides can also be used as experimental tools to study cholesterol-dependent virus–cell interactions.

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Cholesterol, lipoproteins, and COVID-19: Basic concepts and clinical applications

Cited by 99 publications

References 72 publications

Laboratory-Based Resources for COVID-19 Diagnostics: Traditional Tools and Novel Technologies. A Perspective of Personalized Medicine

Laboratory-Based Resources for COVID-19 Diagnostics: Traditional Tools and Novel Technologies. A Perspective of Personalized Medicine

Statins and clinical outcomes with COVID-19: Meta-analyses of observational studies

Cholesterol Recognition Motifs (CRAC) in the S Protein of Coronavirus: A Possible Target for Antiviral Therapy?

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