Charting the physiological time course of help-seeking during late childhood: Patterns of individual difference

Mother–child dyadic responses to children facing challenges: An examination across ethnicities.

“…That is, we created a context in which children would be more likely to want help and parents might be more likely to offer help. Indeed, these two variables were significantly positively correlated at the bivariate level, demonstrating that these two behaviors go hand-in-hand (Arbel et al, 2021). In turn, as our indirect effect analysis showed, it is through maternal control that children’s desire for help is related to more post-task positive valence, strengthening the notion that a supervision partnership is a positive dyadic process.…”

“…The finding that children’s greater desire for assistance was associated with greater maternal control suggests that as children desired more support, parents tended to exert more controlling behaviors (Arbel et al, 2021). This finding implies that children and mothers create a supervision partnership in which mothers respond to children’s needs.…”

“…The net result is that the responsibility for enlisting parents’ help to meet challenges is shared more evenly between parents and school-aged children (Koehn & Kerns, 2016). At the same time, there are individual differences in need for support; some children rely more heavily on parents’ support, whereas others may desire more independence when they are challenged (Arbel et al, 2021; Maiuolo et al, 2019; Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012).…”

“…In middle childhood, however, attachment theorists contend that parents and children coexist in a supervision partnership: children become more independent, yet parents continue to play a major role in guiding academic and social growth (Koehn & Kerns, 2022) and are still expected to be the first responders when their children ask for or clearly need help (Ispa et al, 2015; Koehn & Kerns, 2022). In tandem with parents’ continuing attention and assistance, school-aged children actively seek out their attachment figures in times of need (Koehn & Kerns, 2022), a coupling of child and parent behaviors that can be seen in moment-to-moment analysis of help-seeking and help-giving (Arbel et al, 2021). In general, across this developmental phase, children’s help-seeking from parents decreases (Zimmer-Gembeck & Skinner, 2011) as they are more able to cope independently and rely more on peers for assistance (Valiente et al, 2015).…”

Daily profiles of parents’ supportive extrinsic emotion regulation of adolescents’ negative emotion.

“…When testing associations between the daily profiles and adolescents’ daily NE, we adjusted for parents’ daily NE, as it can impact their resources to regulate the adolescent (Hajal & Paley, 2020) and the adolescent’s motivation to seek parental help (Arbel et al, 2021; Main et al, 2019; Martin et al, 2018). We also controlled for the daily time between parents and adolescents, considering its effect on parents’ opportunities to regulate adolescents.…”