“…A standard PIN (positive-intrinsic-negative) photodiode is typically used. However, other PDs such as avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are an attractive alternative due to their high responsivity [80][81][82][83][84]. Unfortunately, the bandwidth of an APD is limited, which is crucial for VLC systems.…”
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are changing indoor wireless communications. Visible light communications (VLC) that use LEDs as transmitters is an emerging research area and has significant commercial potential. The light emitted from LEDs can simultaneously carry information and provide illumination. Due to the intrinsic characteristics of light, VLC is more secure, more power efficient, and can provide higher network data transmission rates than radio frequency communications. This paper describes state-of-the-art VLC systems including transmitters, receivers, and channel models. Modulation and networking algorithms for physical layer and cross-layer designs are discussed. These algorithms are designed considering practical constraints, such as the bandlimited channel, illumination requirements, and transmitted power limitations. Indoor localization algorithms are proposed, with a particular focus on fingerprinting. In addition, this paper introduces practical applications of VLC in many fields such as national defense, healthcare, robotics, and vehicle-tovehicle communications. The paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges, opportunities, and future of VLC.
Nomenclature
ACO-OFDM asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM APD avalanche photodiode BER bit error rate CDMA code division multiple access CEO-OFDM clipping-enhanced optical OFDM DCO-OFDM DC-biased optical OFDM HCM Hadamard coded modulation IoT internet of things JOW joint optimal waveform LED light-emitting diodes LOS line-of-sight MAI multiple access interference MIMO multiple input multiple output NLOS non-line-of-sight OCDMA optical code division multiple access OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OOC optical orthogonal code OPEN ACCESS RECEIVED
“…A standard PIN (positive-intrinsic-negative) photodiode is typically used. However, other PDs such as avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are an attractive alternative due to their high responsivity [80][81][82][83][84]. Unfortunately, the bandwidth of an APD is limited, which is crucial for VLC systems.…”
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are changing indoor wireless communications. Visible light communications (VLC) that use LEDs as transmitters is an emerging research area and has significant commercial potential. The light emitted from LEDs can simultaneously carry information and provide illumination. Due to the intrinsic characteristics of light, VLC is more secure, more power efficient, and can provide higher network data transmission rates than radio frequency communications. This paper describes state-of-the-art VLC systems including transmitters, receivers, and channel models. Modulation and networking algorithms for physical layer and cross-layer designs are discussed. These algorithms are designed considering practical constraints, such as the bandlimited channel, illumination requirements, and transmitted power limitations. Indoor localization algorithms are proposed, with a particular focus on fingerprinting. In addition, this paper introduces practical applications of VLC in many fields such as national defense, healthcare, robotics, and vehicle-tovehicle communications. The paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges, opportunities, and future of VLC.
Nomenclature
ACO-OFDM asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM APD avalanche photodiode BER bit error rate CDMA code division multiple access CEO-OFDM clipping-enhanced optical OFDM DCO-OFDM DC-biased optical OFDM HCM Hadamard coded modulation IoT internet of things JOW joint optimal waveform LED light-emitting diodes LOS line-of-sight MAI multiple access interference MIMO multiple input multiple output NLOS non-line-of-sight OCDMA optical code division multiple access OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OOC optical orthogonal code OPEN ACCESS RECEIVED
“…In addition, the 404-nm integrated short-wavelength semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-LD has been fabricated, showing a large gain of 5.32 dB at 6 V. 81) Such device can also be operated in the modulated amplifier scheme for high-speed VLC and potentially for UWOC. 82) Since the signal receiver is another essential component in VLC and UWOC systems, the high-performance waveguide photodetector (WPD) and its integration with LD at violetblue color regime have been developed and characterized. 83) A significantly large 3-dB bandwidth of 230 MHz is measured in the WPD and can be further improved by reducing the form factor of the device.…”
Section: Integrated Photonics For Visible Light Communicationsmentioning
Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) is a wireless communication technology that uses visible light to transmit data in underwater environment. Compared to radio-frequency (RF) and acoustic underwater techniques, UWOC has many advantages including large information bandwidth, unlicensed spectrum and low power requirements. This review paper provides an overview of the latest UWOC research. Additionally, we present a detailed description of transmitter and receiver technologies which are key components of UWOC systems. Moreover, studies investigating underwater optical channel models for both simple attenuation and the impact of turbulence including air bubbles and inhomogeneous salinity and temperature are also described. Future research challenges are identified and outlined.
“…In recent years, visible light communication (VLC) had progressed tremendously with up to multi-Gbps data rates demonstrated [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. At the same time, by utilizing the optical carrier frequency in the range of 400 to 800 THz, VLC has also been proposed as the next-generation high-throughput communication technology for complementing the saturated bandwidth in the radio frequency (RF) domain [9][10][11].…”
Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) can offer reliable and secure connectivity for enabling future internet-of-underwater-things (IoUT), owing to its unlicensed spectrum and high transmission speed. However, a critical bottleneck lies in the strict requirement of pointing, acquisition, and tracking (PAT), for effective recovery of modulated optical signals at the receiver end. A large-area, high bandwidth, and wide-angle-of-view photoreceiver is therefore crucial for establishing a high-speed yet reliable communication link under non-directional pointing in a turbulent underwater environment. In this work, we demonstrated a large-area, of up to a few tens of cm 2 , photoreceiver design based on ultraviolet(UV)-to-blue color-converting plastic scintillating fibers, and yet offering high 3-dB bandwidth of up to 86.13 MHz. Tapping on the large modulation bandwidth, we demonstrated a high data rate of 250 Mbps at bit-error ratio (BER) of 2.2 × 10 −3 using non-return-to-zero on-off keying (NRZ-OOK) pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) 2 10-1 data stream, a 375-nm laser-based communication link over the 1.15-m water channel. This proof-of-concept demonstration opens the pathway for revolutionizing the photodetection scheme in UWOC, and for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) free-space optical communication.
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