“…Like other social identity groups, “criminals,” including parolees, self-categorize ( Krueger, 2001 ) as criminal, and, as such, perceive themselves as sharing attributes, cognitions and experiences with the group ( Boduszek et al, 2013 ). Further, past criminal experiences are sufficient for individuals to identify the self both explicitly ( Asencio, 2011 ; Boduszek et al, 2013 ) and implicitly ( Rivera and Veysey, 2015 , 2018 ; Veysey and Rivera, 2017 ) with the group criminal. Indeed, repeated studies have established the IAT as a reliable and valid measure of implicit self-criminal associations ( Rivera and Veysey, 2015 , 2018 ; Veysey and Rivera, 2017 ).…”