The Effect of White Rice and White Bread as Staple Foods on Gut Microbiota and Host Metabolism

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of two kinds of major Japanese staple foods, white rice and white bread, on gut microbiota against the background in which participants eat common side dishes. Seven healthy subjects completed the dietary intervention with two 1-week test periods with a 1-week wash-out period in cross-over design (UMIN registration UMIN000023142). White bread or white rice and 21 frozen prepared side dishes were consumed during the test periods. At baseline and at the end of each period, fasting blood samples, breath samples, and fecal samples were collected. For fecal samples, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbiota. After the bread period, the abundance of fecal Bifidobacterium genus (19.2 ± 14.5 vs. 6.2 ± 6.6 (%), p = 0.03), fasting glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (13.6 ± 2.0 vs. 10.5 ± 2.9 (pg/mL), p = 0.03), and breath hydrogen (23.4 ± 9.9 vs. 8.2 ± 5.5 (ppm), p = 0.02) were significantly higher than those of after the rice period. Plasma SCFAs also tended to be higher after the bread period. White bread contains more dietary fiber than refined short grain rice. These findings suggest that indigestible carbohydrate intake from short grain rice as a staple food may be smaller than that of white bread.

Chinese gut microbiota and its associations with staple food type, ethnicity, and urbanization

“…The abundances of these two genera decreased gradiently in the three groups, indicating that there might be a dose-effect associated with wheat intake. The association between Bifidobacterium and wheat intake is consistent with previous observations that the abundance of Bifidobacterium was decreased when taking diets with low wheat content, e.g., gluten-free diet, low-gluten diet, and low FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols) diet 23 – 28 . Twelve genera were enriched in individuals consuming rice and rice & wheat when comparing to individuals consuming wheat, of which Bacteroides , Parabacteroides , a butyrate producer Clostridium XIVa and an opportunistic pathogen Fusobacterium were the most significant ones (log2FC > 1, p .adj < 1e-10).…”

Gut microbiota composition and functional prediction in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome

“…The incidence of IBS-D in Guangzhou and Wuhan were higher than that in Beijing [ 43 – 45 ]. A Japanese study reported that dietary interventions did not make any significant difference in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes , but the abundance of Actinobacteria was significantly increased after 7 days intake of white bread [ 46 ]. But in our study, at phylum level, there is no significant difference in abundance of gut microbiota between peoples who consume rice as a staple food (samples of A1, A5, A7, A10, B5, B7, B17) and peoples who consume wheat as a staple food.…”

A Polyphenol Enriched Variety of Apple Alters Circulating Immune Cell Gene Expression and Faecal Microbiota Composition in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…Blautia was another genus decreased by the red-fleshed apple intervention. Blautia , while not typically associated with fibre degradation in humans, has been shown to degrade some digestion resistant carbohydrates in vitro [ 46 ], and is responsive to dietary carbohydrate levels [ 47 , 48 ]. However, it has also been shown to be reduced in response to black tea and red wine grape extract in an in vitro gut microbial ecosystem [ 42 ], an effect the authors suggested was due to the polyphenol content.…”