High national and sub-national coverage of iodised salt in India: evidence from the first National Iodine and Salt Intake Survey (NISI) 2014–2015

Pandav, Chandrakant S; Yadav, Kapil; Salve, Harshal Ramesh; Kumar, Rakesh; Goel, Akhil Dhanesh; Chakrabarty, Arijit

doi:10.1017/s1368980018002306

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…Adequately iodised salt (iodine ≥15 ppm) was consumed in 77•5% of households. 7 The survey findings also showed that iodine content in most of the household salt was found around 7 ppm which was quite low as per USI standards. A country is said to have achieved USI when at least 90% of households consumed adequately iodized salt that is 15 ppm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders among population of district Chamba, Himachal Pradesh

Sandhu

Dhiman

2020

Int J Community Med Public Health

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Background: Iodine insufficiency is prevalent throughout the world, and is rated as one of the most significant public health concerns in more than 125 countries. Secondary to the insufficient dietary consumption of iodine, almost two billion individuals are prone to suffer from iodine deficiency disorders worldwide. The present survey was conducted in district Chamba of Himachal Pradesh in order to assess the extent of iodine deficiency disorders, 55 years after the initiation of salt iodisation programme.Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted in district Chamba of Himachal Pradesh. A close ended pretested questionnaire was used to collect the socio-demographic information of the participants. Iodine content of salt and water was assessed with the use of I-Check and AQUA test kits in the households.Results: A total of 230 households were surveyed for the consumption of iodised salt which showed that 100% of the study population was using packet iodised salt for consumption. Majority of the population (92.6%) were placing their salt container near chulah in their kitchen and 73.5% were adding the salt in the beginning of the cooking followed by 16.1% in the middle of the cooking. Iodine content of salt sample collected revealed that 95.7% contain only 7 ppm iodine and 99.6% of the water sample contains less than 0.1 level iodine in water testing.Conclusions: The results of study indicated that population of district Chamba is using iodised salt but there is still need of strengthening of monitoring system as well as health education regarding the cooking practices in the households.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders among population of district Chamba, Himachal Pradesh

Sandhu

Dhiman

2020

Int J Community Med Public Health

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“…A survey in 1998/99, when non-iodized salt was banned under the Food Adulteration Act, found household use of iodized salt to be 49 %. It fell to 30 % in 2002–2004 when there was no ban and rose to 51, 71 and 78 %, respectively, in 2005/06, 2009 and 2014/15 after the Food Standards and Safety Act came into force ( 24 ) . *…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The legislative framework for salt iodization in Asia and the Pacific and its impact on programme implementation

Codling

Rudert

Bégin

et al. 2017

Public Health Nutr.

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ObjectiveFortification of food-grade (edible) salt with iodine is recommended as a safe, cost-effective and sustainable strategy for the prevention of iodine-deficiency disorders. The present paper examines the legislative framework for salt iodization in Asian countries.DesignWe reviewed salt iodization legislation in thirty-six countries in Asia and the Pacific. We obtained copies of existing and draft legislation for salt iodization from UNICEF country offices and the WHO’s Global Database of Implementation of Nutrition Actions. We compiled legislation details by country and report on commonalities and gaps using a standardized form. The association between type of legislation and availability of iodized salt in households was assessed.ResultsWe identified twenty-one countries with existing salt iodization legislation, of which eighteen were mandatory. A further nine countries have draft legislation. The majority of countries with draft and existing legislation used a mandatory standard or technical regulation for iodized salt under their Food Act/Law. The remainder have developed a ‘stand-alone’ Law/Act. Available national surveys indicate that the proportion of households consuming adequately iodized salt was lowest in countries with no, draft or voluntary legislation, and highest in those where the legislation was based on mandatory regulations under Food Acts/Laws.ConclusionsLegislation for salt iodization, particularly mandatory legislation under the national food law, facilitates universal salt iodization. However, additional important factors for implementation of salt iodization and maintenance of achievements include the salt industry’s structure and capacity to adequately fortify, and official commitment and capacity to enforce national legislation.

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“…Additionally, earning below the Saudi minimal wage also increased the odds of inadequate iodine in our non-pregnant women. Likewise, a linkage between poverty and iodine inadequacy has been reported by community studies, which could be due poor adherence of low-income populations to appropriate micronutrients and iodised salt intake [55,56]. Numerous population-based studies have also demonstrated the negative impact of smoking on thyroid functions and iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women [49,51,52,57,58].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Azzeh

Refaat

2020

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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Background: Despite the serious maternal and foetal complications associated with iodine deficiency during pregnancy, surveys related to pregnant women in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are lacking. This study, therefore, measured urine iodine concentrations (UIC) alongside the potential socioeconomic factors contributing towards iodine inadequacy in reproductive age and pregnant Saudi women from the Western province of KSA. Methods: Spot urine samples were collected from 1222 pregnant and 400 age-matched non-pregnant/nonlactating reproductive age women. The socioeconomic characteristics were obtained through a structured questionnaire. The WHO criteria for iodine sufficiency in non-pregnant (100-199 μg/L) and pregnant (150-249 μg/L) women were applied. Results: The median UIC in the non-pregnant women (101.64 μg/L; IQR: 69.83-143.55) was at the lowermost WHO recommended cutoff , whereas the pregnant group was iodine deficient (112.99 μg/L; IQR: 81.01-185.57). Moreover, the median UIC was below adequacy across the different trimesters. The use of non-iodised salt significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency in the non-pregnant (OR = 2.052; 95%CI: 1.118-3.766) and pregnant women (OR = 3.813; 95%CI: 1.992-7.297), whereas taking iodine supplements significantly lowered the risk in both groups (OR = 0.364; 95%CI: 0.172-0.771 and OR = 0.002; 95%CI: 0.001-0.005, respectively). Passive smoking was also an independent risk factor for iodine deficiency in the non-pregnant (OR = 1.818; 95%CI: 1.097-3.014) and pregnant (OR = 1.653; 95%CI: 1.043-2.618) groups. Additionally, BMI correlated independently and significantly with median UIC in the non-pregnant and pregnant populations. However, multiparity (OR = 3.091; 95%CI: 1.707-5.598) and earning below the minimum wage (2.520; 95%CI: 1.038-6.119) significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency only in the non-pregnant women. Conclusions: This study is the first to show borderline iodine sufficiency in reproductive age Saudi women from the Western province, whereas mild iodine deficiency was observed in the pregnant population and could represent a serious public health problem. This study also advocates the necessity to establish routine iodine dietary advice services by the health authorities to foster adequate iodine intake in pregnant women to avoid the perilous consequences of iodine deficiency on maternal-foetal health.

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High national and sub-national coverage of iodised salt in India: evidence from the first National Iodine and Salt Intake Survey (NISI) 2014–2015

Abstract: India is within striking reach of achieving universal salt iodisation. However, significant differentials by rural/urban, zonal and socio-economic indicators exist, warranting accelerated efforts and targeted interventions for high-risk groups.

Cited by 23 publications

References 12 publications

Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders among population of district Chamba, Himachal Pradesh

Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders among population of district Chamba, Himachal Pradesh

The legislative framework for salt iodization in Asia and the Pacific and its impact on programme implementation

Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

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