Temporal analysis of the relationship between leptospirosis, rainfall levels and seasonality, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2005-2015

Filho, João Ghizzo; Nazário, Nazaré Otília; Freitas, Paulo Fontoura; Pinto, Gustavo de Araújo; Schlindwein, Aline Daiane

doi:10.1590/s1678-9946201860039

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Previous studies conducted in that state showed the highest incidence rates were predominantly in areas with agricultural land use, including rice and tobacco plantation [20,41]. In the South region, floods events, combined with environmental drivers and agriculture land use provide an environment suitable for leptospirosis transmission [20,41,69] and this is supported by our results.…”

Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 89%

“…In 2011, the year with the highest number of leptospirosis cases, Brazil experienced two large flood events, one in the state of Santa Catarina and one in the mountain region of the state of Rio de Janeiro [ 76 , 77 ]. Temporal analysis of the relationship between rainfalls levels and leptospirosis in the state of Santa Catarina for a period of 11 years showed a positive association between the amount of rainfall and cases of the disease [ 69 ]. In the upcoming years, heavy rainfall and floods are projected to increase as a result of climate change, especially in the tropics, and this can further exacerbate the burden of leptospirosis in the future [ 35 , 56 , 78 , 79 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in urban and rural areas of Brazil, 2000–2015

et al. 2021

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Background Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonosis in the world and Brazil has the highest number of cases in Latin America. Transmission occurs mainly through exposure to water and soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals. The goals of this study are to describe the geographic distribution, demographic characteristics and exposure factors of urban and rural cases of leptospirosis, and identify spatial clusters in urban and rural areas of Brazil. Methods/results A retrospective epidemiological study was carried out using 16 years (2000–2015) of surveillance data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Cases were described by age, sex and race, and exposure factors were characterized in urban and rural areas. A spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted using local Moran’s I to identify urban and rural clusters of disease. On average 3,810 leptospirosis cases were reported annually with higher numbers in urban areas. National urban and rural incidence rates were the same (1.9 cases/100,000 population), however, regional differences were observed. Urban incidence rates were higher in the North and Northeast regions, while rural incidence rates were higher in the Southeast and South. The main exposure factor reported in urban and rural areas was exposure to places with signs of rodents, followed by flood in urban areas and agriculture and animal farming in rural areas. Clusters of leptospirosis were identified in densely populated urban areas of the North, Southeast and South regions, while rural clusters were concentrated in of the Southern region with large agriculture and animal farming practices. Conclusions This study highlights that leptospirosis is an important public health problem in both urban and rural areas of Brazil. The results provide decision-makers with detailed information about where disease incidence is high and can be used in the development of prevention and control strategies for priority areas and risk groups.

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Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in urban and rural areas of Brazil, 2000–2015

et al. 2021

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“…Generally, massive leptospirosis outbreaks occur after heavy rain or flooding, notably after storms or hurricanes. Such outbreaks have been described in many tropical countries such as Brazil [22], Nicaragua [23], Sri Lanka [24] or the Philippines [25] among others, but seasonal peaks exist in most regions including tropical islands [26][27][28][29][30], illustrating the numerous environmental drivers of this disease [31]. Consequently, global climate change is expected to have an influence on the incidence and the distribution of leptospirosis [32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of Leptospira in water and soil environments

Bierque¹,

Thibeaux²,

Girault³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

145

151

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Background Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic Leptospira, is a zoonosis of global distribution. This infectious disease is mainly transmitted by indirect exposure to urine of asymptomatic animals via the environment. As human cases generally occur after heavy rain, an emerging hypothesis suggests that rainfall re-suspend leptospires together with soil particles. Bacteria are then carried to surface water, where humans get exposed. It is currently assumed that pathogenic leptospires can survive in the environment but do not multiply. However, little is known on their capacity to survive in a soil and freshwater environment. Methods We conducted a systematic review on Leptospira and leptospirosis in the environment in order to collect current knowledge on the lifestyle of Leptospira in soil and water. In total, 86 scientific articles retrieved from online databases or institutional libraries were included in this study. Principals findings/significance This work identified evidence of survival of Leptospira in the environment but major gaps remain about the survival of virulent species associated with human and animal diseases. Studies providing quantitative data on Leptospira in soil and water are a very recent trend, but must be interpreted with caution because of the uncertainty in the species identification. Several studies mentioned the presence of Leptospira in soils more frequently than in waters, supporting the hypothesis of the soil habitat and dispersion of Leptospira with resuspended soil particles during heavy rain. In a near future, the growing use of high throughput sequencing will offer new opportunities to improve our understanding of the habitat of Leptospira in the environment. This better insight into the risk of leptospirosis will allow implementing efficient control measures and prevention for the human and animal populations exposed.

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“…In recent years, the state of Santa Catarina has presented an expressive number of hydrometeorological events, having as highlight flash flood events. When analyzing the different macro-regions of health, it was found that certain macro-regions are more susceptible to these occurrences, although it should be noted that Leptospirosis in Santa Catarina has seasonal characteristics and has endemics also observed in studies that relate leptospirosis to precipitation [42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Hydro-Meteorological Events and Leptospirosis Hospitalizations in Santa Catarina, Brazil

Péres

Russo

Nunes

2019

Water

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Extreme climatic events (ECE) are beginning to be perceived as potential causes of health disturbances. The assessment of the impacts of certain ECE to human health has become essential to health managers and caregivers. The objective of this study was to identify the association between rates of hospitalization for Leptospirosis and the occurrence of extreme hydrological events in the state Santa Catarina (Brazil) between the years 2005 and 2014. The association between Leptospirosis hospitalizations and the occurrence of floods, flash floods, and flooding events was measured through Spearman’s bivariate correlation coefficient. Flash floods corresponded to 92.6% of the total hydrological events. Coastal regions presented higher admission rates than inland. The Leptospirosis presented a seasonal pattern, with a peak in the summer months. Positive and significant correlations for monthly and annual analyzes were identified for some of the analyzed macro-regions, with higher values of correlation in the coastal region. The current results suggest the influence of the occurrence of extreme hydro-meteorological events on the variability of the hospitalization rate by Leptospirosis in the state of Santa Catarina, with significant differences found for the coastal and inland regions.

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Temporal analysis of the relationship between leptospirosis, rainfall levels and seasonality, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2005-2015

Cited by 18 publications

References 15 publications

Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in urban and rural areas of Brazil, 2000–2015

Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in urban and rural areas of Brazil, 2000–2015

A systematic review of Leptospira in water and soil environments

The Association between Hydro-Meteorological Events and Leptospirosis Hospitalizations in Santa Catarina, Brazil

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