Impact of unit operations during processing of cereal-based products on the levels of deoxynivalenol, total aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi; Fakhri, Yadolah; Sant’Ana, Anderson S.

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.072

Cited by 102 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Some mycotoxins are thermostable, allowing them to endure most food processes [ 51 ]. DON is stable up to 120–180 °C and was degraded after 40 min at 210 °C [ 52 ]. For ZEA, heat treatment at temperatures up to 160 °C had no significant effect and 85% reduction of the toxin concentration in barley flours was achieved after 60 min at 220 °C [ 53 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer

Tran

Viktorová

Ruml

2020

Toxins

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The determination of mycotoxins content in food is not sufficient for the prediction of their potential in vivo cytotoxicity because it does not reflect their bioavailability and mutual interactions within complex matrices, which may significantly alter the toxic effects. Moreover, many mycotoxins undergo biotransformation and metabolization during the intestinal absorption process. Biotransformation is predominantly the conversion of mycotoxins meditated by cytochrome P450 and other enzymes. This should transform the toxins to nontoxic metabolites but it may possibly result in unexpectedly high toxicity. Therefore, the verification of biotransformation and bioavailability provides valuable information to correctly interpret occurrence data and biomonitoring results. Among all of the methods available, the in vitro models using monolayer formed by epithelial cells from the human colon (Caco-2 cell) have been extensively used for evaluating the permeability, bioavailability, intestinal transport, and metabolism of toxic and biologically active compounds. Here, the strengths and limitations of both in vivo and in vitro techniques used to determine bioavailability are reviewed, along with current detailed data about biotransformation of mycotoxins. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of mycotoxin effects is also discussed regarding the disorder of intestinal barrier integrity induced by mycotoxins.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer

Tran

Viktorová

Ruml

2020

Toxins

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“…The evaluation of initially retrieved articles was performed independently according to (1) title, (2) abstract, and (3) full-text of the articles [ 45 , 46 ]. According to the title and abstract, some articles that did not perform investigations on the concentration of BTEX in the air of Tehran were excluded.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A reference list of retrieved articles was also checked to obtain more articles. The required management of obtained references was carried out using EndNote X7 ® (Thomson Reuters, Toronto, Canada) software [ 46 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Concentration of BTEX in the Air of Tehran: A Systematic Review-Meta Analysis and Risk Assessment

Abtahi

Fakhri

Conti

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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In the current study, the concentration of some pollutants which are categorized as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E), and o-xylenes (o-X), in the air of Tehran was evaluated by the aid of a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Also, the health risk for the exposed population was estimated using the recommended methods by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The rank order based on their concentration in BTEX was benzene (149.18 µg/m3: 31%) > o-xylene (127.16 µg/m3: 27%) > ethylbenzene (110.15 µg/m3: 23%) > toluene (87.97 µg/m3: 19%). The ratio B/T in this study was calculated as 1.69, repressing that both stationary and mobile sources of emission can be considered as the main sources for benzene and toluene. Moreover, strong photochemical activity in Tehran was demonstrated by the high ratio of E/o-X. Meta-regression indicates that the concentration of BTEX has insignificantly (p-value > 0.05) increased over time. The BTEX compounds based on the target hazard quotient (THQ) were ordered as benzene > o-xylene > ethylbenzene > toluene. Percentile 95% of THQ due to benzene (4.973) and o-xylene (1.272) was higher than a value of 1. Percentile 95% excessive cancer risk (ECR) for benzene (1.25 × 106) and ethylbenzene (1.11 × 106) was higher than a value of 1.00 × 106. The health risk assessment indicated that the population of Tehran are at considerable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.

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“…Aflatoxins occur in most of the staple foods produced in Africa such as maize, sorghum, groundnuts, peanuts and cottonseed [5]. The contamination is associated with high moisture content; 18-18.5% in the grains, yet subsequent processing steps, such as drying and boiling, do not reduce the aflatoxin levels [4,6]. The European Economic Community (EEC) as well as the United States Food and Drug Authority (FDA) set the maximum permitted levels of total aflatoxins in poultry feed as 20 µg/kg [EEC, 1991], while the Uganda National Bureau for Standards (UNBS) set a limit of 10 µg/kg for all foods and feeds but only those intended for export [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The in vitro Efficacy of Two Microbial Strains and Physicochemical Effects on their Aflatoxin Decontamination in Poultry Feeds

Tebetyo

Bogere

Nabulime

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Contamination of animal feeds with aflatoxigenic fungi is a challenge to livestock farmers worldwide. Aflatoxins are very toxic fungal metabolites that are associated with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and estrogenic effects. The toxins affect animal productivity and may lead to deaths, causing enormous economic losses. Aflatoxin decontamination is a challenge to the feed industry, despite the several approaches available. This study investigated the efficacy of two microbial isolates, Bacillus spp (B285) and Yeast strain (Y833), in reducing Aflatoxin concentration in poultry feeds in comparison with a commonly used commercial chemical binder, Bentonite. The influence of the poultry feed matrix, pH, and temperature on the aflatoxin reducing activity by the two microorganisms was also explored. Results: The in vitro studies showed that the two microorganisms and the chemical binder reduced aflatoxins by over 74% of the original concentration. The chemical binder registered the highest reduction at 93.4%; followed by Y833 (83.6%), then the combination of Y833 and B285 (77.9%); and lastly B285 (74.9%). There was no significant (p>0.05) influence of temperature on the toxin reducing capacity of all the agents tested. The pHs 4.5 and 6.5 did not have a significant effect on the performance of both chemical binder and biological agents, however, the former performed better at pH 6.5 with 95% aflatoxin reduction compared to the microorganisms. The aflatoxin reducing activity was lower in presence of feeds compared to that in Phosphate Buffered Saline except for Y833 where no difference was observed. Conclusions: Although the feed components affected the aflatoxin reducing capacity of the test materials, the chemical binder was more effective than the microbial agents. Yeast strain was more effective than the bacterial strain in reducing the aflatoxin levels, however, both are promising strategies for countering the aflatoxin challenges in animal feeds. In response to the advocacy for use of biological control agents, there is need for more investigations to establish the safety of the microorganisms, the mechanism of decontamination and safety of the products; the optimum concentrations that can reduce aflatoxins in feeds to permissible levels and the effect of the toxin contamination levels on microbial efficiency.

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Impact of unit operations during processing of cereal-based products on the levels of deoxynivalenol, total aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 102 publications

References 77 publications

Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer

Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer

The Concentration of BTEX in the Air of Tehran: A Systematic Review-Meta Analysis and Risk Assessment

The in vitro Efficacy of Two Microbial Strains and Physicochemical Effects on their Aflatoxin Decontamination in Poultry Feeds

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