Fat mass, but not fat-free mass, predicts increased foot pain with obesity, independent of bariatric surgery

Is adiposity associated with back and lower limb pain? A systematic review

“…Of the included studies, 17 were cohort [ 85 – 101 ], ten were case-control [ 102 – 111 ] and 29 were cross-sectional [ 6 , 7 , 112 – 138 ] studies. Twenty one studies were conducted in Australia [ 6 , 7 , 85 , 89 , 90 , 92 – 94 , 97 – 99 , 101 , 102 , 105 , 106 , 117 , 119 , 122 , 126 , 129 , 134 ], seven in Japan [ 95 , 107 , 118 , 121 , 131 , 132 , 136 ], five in Finland [ 87 , 96 , 123 , 124 , 127 ], four in the USA [ 86 , 91 , 100 , 112 ], two in Brazil [ 128 , 130 ], Turkey [ 109 , 120 ], The Netherlands [ 113 , 115 ], India [ 114 , 135 ], Nigeria [ 116 , …”

“…Twenty one studies were conducted in Australia [ 6 , 7 , 85 , 89 , 90 , 92 – 94 , 97 – 99 , 101 , 102 , 105 , 106 , 117 , 119 , 122 , 126 , 129 , 134 ], seven in Japan [ 95 , 107 , 118 , 121 , 131 , 132 , 136 ], five in Finland [ 87 , 96 , 123 , 124 , 127 ], four in the USA [ 86 , 91 , 100 , 112 ], two in Brazil [ 128 , 130 ], Turkey [ 109 , 120 ], The Netherlands [ 113 , 115 ], India [ 114 , 135 ], Nigeria [ 116 , 133 ], and China [ 104 , 110 ], and one each in, Korea [ 125 ], Slovenia [ 103 ], Norway [ 88 ], United Kingdom [ 100 ], Sweden [ 111 ], Mexico [ …”

“…A total of 39 studies recruited both male and female participants [ 6 , 85 , 87 – 94 , 96 – 101 , 107 , 109 , 110 , 112 – 115 , 117 – 119 , 121 , 122 , 125 , 127 – 131 , 134 – 138 ], while eleven studies included female participants only [ 7 , 86 , 102 , 104 – 106 , 108 , 116 , 120 , 132 , 133 ], five studies included male participants only [ 95 , 103 , 111 , 123 , 124 ] and one study did not specify the gender of their participants [ 126 ] ( Table 1 ). The mean age of the participants in 41 studies was above 40 years [ 6 , 7 , 85 , 89 – 94 , 97 – 99 , 101 – 111 , 113 , 116 , 118 – 121 , 123 , 125 ...…”

“…Knee pain was assessed using WOMAC Index [ 89 , 91 , 101 , 109 , 128 ], questions regarding the presence of pain (yes or no) [ 94 , 129 ], anterior knee pain scale [ 86 ] and visual analogue scale [ 110 , 120 , 132 ] and self-administered questionnaires [ 124 , 125 ]. Foot pain was measured using the Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index [ 85 , 106 , 119 , 126 ], Manchester-Oxford foot questionnaire [ 99 ] and asking about the presence of pain (yes/no) [ 94 , 98 ], or the history of foot pain (Over the past month, have you had pain, aching, or stiffness in either of your feet on most days?) [ 90 ].…”

“…The single cohort study of hip pain followed up participants over 5 years [ 94 ], while the 5 cohort studies of knee pain ranged from 2 to 10.7 years [ 86 , 89 , 91 , 94 , 101 ], with 3 studies examining time periods of 5 or 6 years. Moreover, the 5 studies examining foot pain had follow-up periods ranging from 4 to 20 years [ 85 , 90 , 94 , 98 , 99 ], with 4 of the 5 studies focusing on a 3–5 year follow-up.…”