Immunotherapy and potential molecular targets for the treatment of pituitary adenomas resistant to standard therapy: a critical review of potential therapeutic targets and current developments

Maghathe, Tamara; Miller, W.K.; Mugge, Luke; Mansour, Tarek R; Schroeder, Jason

doi:10.23736/s0390-5616.18.04419-3

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…An increase in VEGF synthesis has been associated with tumor vascularization, metastasis, chemoresistance, and a worse prognosis [11,13]. VEGF and its receptors are usually overexpressed in solid tumors and are promising targets for the treatment of neoplasms [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endoglin (CD105) and VEGF as potential angiogenic and dissemination markers for colorectal cancer

et al. 2020

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Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important current problem concerning public health due to its high incidence and mortality. Advances in molecular and cellular knowledge and the detection of new disease biomarkers are very important to improve prognosis, prediction, and early diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to analyze the gene and protein expression levels of two angiogenic markers, VEGF and soluble Endoglin, during different tumor stages as well as at different stages of cancer treatment, to predict the diagnosis and evolution of colon and rectal cancer. Material and methods: This study includes 133 CRC patients (93 with colon cancer and 40 with rectal cancer) on which the gene and protein expression of Endoglin (membrane and soluble form) and VEGF were analyzed by molecular and immunohistochemical techniques on different tumor stage samples and plasma obtained preoperatively as well as 3, 6, and 9 months after resection of the tumor. Results: VEGF and Endoglin gene expressions were higher in tumor tissue than in surrounding non-tumoral tissue for both types of cancer. The VEGF levels in plasma were found to decrease in less aggressive tumors, whereas soluble Endoglin was increased in preoperative samples of patients with metastasis. Membrane Endoglin expression was higher on the vascular endothelium of more aggressive tumors. In contrast, Endoglin expression was mainly in the colon epithelium in less aggressive stage tumors. Conclusion: Endoglin and VEGF are proteins with a major role in the tumor angiogenesis process. This study performed with a wide cohort of human samples shows that both proteins seem to be valuable biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endoglin (CD105) and VEGF as potential angiogenic and dissemination markers for colorectal cancer

et al. 2020

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“…Although most pituitary adenomas are treated successfully, it remains challenging to treat invasive non-functional pituitary adenomas as well as functional pituitary adenomas unresponsive to traditional therapy. Immunotherapy might be a potential alternative therapy for pituitary tumors that are resistant to traditional therapy (132). The positive PD-L1 immunostaining is significantly more frequent in functional relative to non-functional pituitary adenomas ( p = 0.000).…”

Section: Mitochondrial Dysfunction-mediated Tumor Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial Dysfunction Pathway Networks and Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Pathogenesis of Pituitary Adenomas

Zhan

2019

Front. Endocrinol.

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Mitochondrion is a multi-functional organelle, which is associated with various signaling pathway networks, including energy metabolism, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, cell cycles, autophagy, and immunity process. Mitochondrial proteins have been discovered to modulate these signaling pathway networks, and multiple biological behaviors to adapt to various internal environments or signaling events of human pathogenesis. Accordingly, mitochondrial dysfunction that alters the bioenergetic and biosynthetic state might contribute to multiple diseases, including cell transformation and tumor. Multiomics studies have revealed that mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cell cycle dysregulation signaling pathways operate in human pituitary adenomas, which suggest mitochondria play critical roles in pituitary adenomas. Some drugs targeting mitochondria are found as a therapeutic strategy for pituitary adenomas, including melatonin, melatonin inhibitors, temozolomide, pyrimethamine, 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, gossypol acetate, Yougui pill, T-2 toxin, grifolic acid, cyclosporine A, dopamine agonists, and paeoniflorin. This article reviews the latest experimental evidence and potential biological roles of mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial dynamics in pituitary adenoma progression, potential molecular mechanisms between mitochondria and pituitary adenoma progression, and current status and perspectives of mitochondria-based biomarkers and targeted drugs for effective management of pituitary adenomas.

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“…For example, it can lead to visual impairment, hypopituitary, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Therefore, this clinical dilemma has inspired researchers to find new markers and treatment methods [ 8 , 9 ]. With the deepening understanding of the tumor environment and its development, immunotherapy is a promising alternative therapy for the treatment of drug-resistant or recurrent PAs [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, this clinical dilemma has inspired researchers to find new markers and treatment methods [ 8 , 9 ]. With the deepening understanding of the tumor environment and its development, immunotherapy is a promising alternative therapy for the treatment of drug-resistant or recurrent PAs [ 9 ]. The mechanism of PAs occurrence and development is still unclear, which may be a result of multiple factors such as epigenetics, genes, and tumor microenvironment(TME) [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research advances on the immune research and prospect of immunotherapy in pituitary adenomas

Nie

Fang

et al. 2021

World J Surg Onc

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Background Pituitary adenomas are one type of intracranial tumor, which can be divided into microadenoma (≤ 1 cm), macroadenoma (> 1 cm), and giant adenoma (≥ 4 cm) according to their diametral sizes. They are benign, typically slow-progressing, whereas the biological behavior of some of them is invasive, which presents a major clinical challenge. Treatment of some pituitary adenomas is still difficult due to drug resistance or multiple relapses, usually after surgery, medication, and radiation. At present, no clear prediction and treatment biomarkers have been found in pituitary adenomas and some of them do not cause clinical symptoms, so patients are often found to be ill through physical examination, and some are even found through autopsy. With the development of research on pituitary adenomas, the immune response has become a hot spot and may serve as a novel disease marker and therapeutic target. The distribution and function of immune cells and their secreted molecules in pituitary adenomas are extremely complex. Researchers found that infiltration of immune cells may have a positive effect on the treatment and prognosis of pituitary adenomas. In this review, we summarized the advance of tumor immunity in pituitary adenomas, revealing the immunity molecules as potential biomarkers as well as therapeutic agents for pituitary adenomas. Conclusion The immune studies related to pituitary adenomas may help us find relevant immune markers. At the same time, the exploration of immunotherapy also provides new options for the treatment of pituitary adenomas.

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Immunotherapy and potential molecular targets for the treatment of pituitary adenomas resistant to standard therapy: a critical review of potential therapeutic targets and current developments

Cited by 7 publications

References 83 publications

Endoglin (CD105) and VEGF as potential angiogenic and dissemination markers for colorectal cancer

Endoglin (CD105) and VEGF as potential angiogenic and dissemination markers for colorectal cancer

Mitochondrial Dysfunction Pathway Networks and Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Pathogenesis of Pituitary Adenomas

Research advances on the immune research and prospect of immunotherapy in pituitary adenomas

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