30 years after: <scp>CNS</scp> actions of prolactin: Sources, mechanisms and physiological significance

Bridges, Robert S.; Grattan, David R.

doi:10.1111/jne.12669

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 118 publications

(200 reference statements)

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“…In the central nervous system, prolactin participates in a coordinated neural network which prepares a maternal brain for pregnancy and lactation. It stimulates maternal care by acting within the medial preoptic area (MPOA), 35,36 modulates stress response and oxytocin secretion acting at the F I G U R E 2 Gene expression in the ARN of 5 and 10-month-old Drd2 LoxP/LoxP and lacDrd2KO mice. Genes were relativized to the housekeeping gene cyclophilin and the average expression of Drd2 LoxP/LoxP mice was considered 100%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic high prolactin levels impact on gene expression at discrete hypothalamic nuclei involved in food intake

et al. 2020

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To study the pathological effects of continuous hyperprolactinemia on food intake mechanisms we used female mice that lack dopamine D2 receptors in lactotropes (lacDrd2KO). These mice had lifelong hyperprolactinemia, increased food intake, and gradual development of obesity from 5 to 10 months of age. Ongoing endogenous prolactin signaling in lacDrd2KO mice was evidenced by increased basal phosphorylation of STAT5b in hypothalamic areas related to food intake, such as the arcuate (ARN), dorsomedial (DMN), and ventromedial nuclei. In the ARN of young lacDrd2KO mice there were higher Prlr mRNA levels and in obese 10‐month‐old lacDrd2KO mice increased expression of the orexigenic genes Neuropeptide Y (Npy) and Agouti‐related peptide, compared to controls. Furthermore, Npy expression was increased in the DMN, probably contributing to increased food intake and decreased expression of Uncoupling protein‐1 in brown adipose tissue, both events favoring weight gain. Leptin resistance in obese lacD2RKO mice was evidenced by its failure to lower food intake and a dampened response of STAT3 phosphorylation, specifically in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Our results suggest that pathological chronically high prolactin levels, as found in psychiatric treatments or patients with prolactinomas, may impact on specific hypothalamic nuclei altering gene expression, leptin response, and food intake.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic high prolactin levels impact on gene expression at discrete hypothalamic nuclei involved in food intake

et al. 2020

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“…The pattern of lamprey PRLR mRNA expression (high in the brain; moderate in the gill, kidney and gut) is opposite that of the pattern of PRLR mRNA expression in teleost (e.g., high in the osmoregulatory tissues, but less in the brain) 13,40 . Interestingly, shark PRLR is predominantly expressed in the pituitary gland with unknown function 5 and mammalian PRLR has wide distribution in the central nervous system and appears important for regulating parental behavior as well as appetite and food intake 42 . Lamprey PRLR may mediate similar roles in the brain of lampreys.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergent genes encoding the putative receptors for growth hormone and prolactin in sea lamprey display distinct patterns of expression

Gong

Ferreira-Martins

McCormick

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Given the critical role elevated prolactin levels play in mediating lactation and facilitating a wide range of associated maternal adaptations, it is not surprising that the TIDA neurones modify their physiology during this time. 18 It has, for example, been demonstrated that they markedly reduce their synthesis and release of dopamine during lactation, thus alleviating its inhibitory action on the lactotrophs. [19][20][21] By contrast to initial expectations, 19,20 this adaptation does not appear to result from a down-regulation of TIDA neurone responsiveness to prolactin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological plasticity of the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurones in the rat during the oestrous cycle and lactation

Yip

Araujo‐Lopes

Szawka

et al. 2020

J Neuroendocrinology

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The hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurones are critical with respect to regulating prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary. Under most physiological conditions, they are stimulated by prolactin to release dopamine into the median eminence which subsequently suppresses further prolactin secretion from the lactotrophs. During lactation, the TIDA neurones are known to undergo both electrophysiological and neurochemical changes that alleviate this negativefeedback, thus allowing circulating prolactin levels to rise. The present study aimed to determine whether TIDA neurone morphology, most notably spine density, is also modified during lactation. This was achieved by stereotaxically injecting the arcuate nucleus of female, tyrosine hydroxylase-promoter driven Cre-recombinase transgenic rats with Cre-dependent adeno-associated virus-expressing Brainbow. This resulted in the highly specifici transfection of between 10% and 30% of the TIDA neurones, thus allowing the morphologies on multiple individual neurones to be examined in a single hypothalamic slice. The transfected neurones exhibited a range of complex forms, including a diversity of soma and location of axonal origin. Neuronal spine counting showed that the density of somatic, but not dendritic, spines was significantly higher during lactation than at any other reproductive stage. There was also a significant fall in somatic spine density across the oestrous cycle from dioestrus to oestrus. Although the functional characteristics of the additional somatic spines have not been determined, if, as might be expected, they represent an increased excitatory input to the TIDA neurones, this could have important physiological implications by perhaps supporting altered neurotransmitter release at their neuroendocrine terminals. Enhanced excitatory input may, for example, favour the release of the opioid peptide enkephalin rather than dopamine, which is potentially significant because the expression of the peptide is known to increase in the TIDA neurones during lactation and, in contrast to dopamine, it stimulates rather than inhibits prolactin secretion from the pituitary.

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30 years after: CNS actions of prolactin: Sources, mechanisms and physiological significance

Cited by 31 publications

References 118 publications

Chronic high prolactin levels impact on gene expression at discrete hypothalamic nuclei involved in food intake

Chronic high prolactin levels impact on gene expression at discrete hypothalamic nuclei involved in food intake

Divergent genes encoding the putative receptors for growth hormone and prolactin in sea lamprey display distinct patterns of expression

Morphological plasticity of the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurones in the rat during the oestrous cycle and lactation

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