Montpellier 3, IRCL 'T riumph, my Britaine, thou hast one to showe, / To whom all Scenes of Europe homage owe', wrote Ben Jonson in his poem 'To the memory of my beloved, The author Mr. William Shakespeare: and what he hath left us'. 1 As we celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of Shakespeare's death, Jonson's lines strike us as both true and untrue. Shakespeare is performed everywhere today in Europe and while he is recognized as one of the best authors Britain has produced, he has become far more than a national poet. In fact, one could argue now that his 'triumph' is due to the fact that he has grown to be not only a European but also a global author. Thus, it is fitting that the essays in this special anniversary issue should stem for the most part from a congress of the European Shakespeare Research Association (ESRA), which gathered European scholars, but also colleagues from all over the world, around the theme of 'Shakespeare and Myth'. 2 The congress proposed a rich journey into Shakespeare's kaleidoscopic 'mythscape' in two main directions. The first direction, that we shall term an 'upstream' direction (amont), considered myth in Shakespeare, exploring how classical mythology pervades the work of Shakespeare and his European contemporaries and to what extent other mythological influences are also present in his work,