-Primary-side sensing is an observer-based approach to estimate the output voltage of flyback converters from a primary winding (or an auxiliary winding). Various observer-laws have been recently developed for flyback converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The extension to continuous conduction mode (CCM), however, has not been considered due to the difficulties in compensating for the voltage drop in the secondary winding. From the possibility to predict the winding voltage drop using the magnetizing current and the transformer model, this paper presents a new observer method that can work accurately and smoothly in both CCM and DCM. The methodology can be combined with any controller to provide either output voltage regulation or output current regulation. The proposed sensing technique is verified by simulation.Keywords -Primary side sensing, flyback converter, continuous conduction mode, discontinuous conduction mode.
I IntroductionConventional flyback converters make use of a transformer and an opto-coupler to achieve a galvanic isolation in the power transmission and feedback path, respectively. Though an opto-coupler offers a direct and easy way to capture the output voltage, its transfer function is highly nonlinear and dependent on both time and ambient temperature. This drawback imposes an upper constraint on the converter operating temperature, efficiency and size [1]. Therefore, a non-opto-coupler solution is expected to bring a significant improvement for both system performance and production cost.To eliminate the opto-coupler from the converter circuit, Nalepa et al.[1] suggested using an observer to extract the output voltage from the primary winding voltage. This primary-side sensing idea was then extended to work with an auxiliary winding in [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Since Nalepa's approach can be equally applied to either the primary or auxiliary winding, we will concern ourselves with the auxiliary winding, as illustrated in Fig. 1. Where and V o are the converter input and output voltage, respectively. For simplicity, the flyback transformer is exemplified by an ideal model with L m