3-D Spatial Compounding Using a Row-Column Array

Awad, Samer I.; Yen, Jeannette

doi:10.1177/016173460903100203

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Please refer to the supplementary materials for a detailed derivation of (5). Note that x e in (1), in the above equations, has been substituted with x p .…”

Section: B Second Stage Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Row–Column Beamformer for Fast Volumetric Imaging

Jorgensen

Praesius

Stuart

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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This work presents a beamforming procedure that significantly reduces the number of operations when performing volumetric synthetic aperture imaging with row-column addressed arrays (RCAs). The proposed beamformer uses that the image values along the elevation direction of the low-resolution volume (LRV) are approximately constant. It is thus hypothesized that the entire LRV could be reconstructed from a single 2-D cross-section of the LRV. The presented method contains two stages; The first stage beamforms, for each emission, a crosssection using the conventional RCA beamformer. The second stage extrapolates the rest of the image points in the volume from the 2-D cross-sections. Assuming the image volume is covered by 3-D grid coordinates with a size of Nw × Nw × Nz, i.e., Nw samples along the x-and y-axis and Nz samples along the z-axis, the proposed beamformer reduces the number of mathematical operations by a factor of approximately N Nw/(N S + Nw). Here S is the ratio between the first and second stage axial sampling rate, and N is the receiving aperture's number of channels. Beamforming a 128 × 128 × 1024 volume from data acquired with N = 128 receiving channel can thus be achieved with 25.6 times fewer operations, when S = 4.A 9.23 times increase in the beamforming rate for a 100 × 100 × 200 volume with S = 2 was demonstrated on complex data from a 128 + 128 Vermon RCA probe. Real-time volumetric beamformation can, with this increase, be performed with a pulse repetition frequency of up to 1804.80 Hz.The proposed and conventional beamformer's output was visually indistinguishable and, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and full width at tenth maximum (FWTM) were at most 1.19% larger with the proposed approach.The proposed beamformer can thus perform volumetric imaging significantly faster than the current approach, with a negligible difference in image quality.

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“…Please refer to the supplementary materials for a detailed derivation of (5). Note that x e in (1), in the above equations, has been substituted with x p .…”

Section: B Second Stage Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5. Illustration of how two image points, ⃗ p 1 and ⃗ p 2, can be mapped onto the axial line, at y ′ = yp (white line), via the trajectories (dashed lines) defined by(5). The image value at ⃗ p 1 and ⃗ p 2 can subsequently be determined as the image values at the trajectories intersection with the axial line.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Row–Column Beamformer for Fast Volumetric Imaging

Jorgensen

Praesius

Stuart

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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show abstract

“…A possible solution to these problems is to employ rowcolumn (RC) array probes [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Here, the matrix elements are addressed as either rows or columns as shown in Fig.…”

Section: A History Of Row-column Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More results from a cyst phantom were presented in [13] and a full overview of the results are given in [16]. A spatial compounding method for row-column arrays used on the a 256 × 256 PZT array is described in [14]. Examples of a 32 × 32 elements CMUT array with a center frequency of 5.45 MHz along with another 32 × 32 elements array operating at center frequency of 12 MHz were presented in [15,18], showing that high frequency and high bandwidth row-column arrays can be fabricated in CMUT technology.…”

Section: A History Of Row-column Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomic and Functional Imaging Using Row–Column Arrays

Jensen

Schou

Jorgensen

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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Row-column (RC) arrays have the potential to yield full three-dimensional ultrasound imaging with a greatly reduced number of elements compared to fully populated arrays. They, however, have several challenges due to their special geometry. This review paper summarizes the current literature for RC imaging and demonstrate that full anatomic and functional imaging can attain a high quality using synthetic aperture (SA) sequences and modified delay-and-sum beamforming. Resolution can approach the diffraction limit with an isotropic resolution of half a wavelength with low side-lobe levels, and the field-ofview can be expanded by using convex or lensed RC probes. GPU beamforming allows for 3 orthogonal planes to be beamformed at 30 Hz, providing near real time imaging ideal for positioning the probe and improving the operator's workflow. Functional imaging is also attainable using transverse oscillation and dedicated SA sequence for tensor velocity imaging for revealing the full 3-D velocity vector as a function of spatial position and time for both blood velocity and tissue motion estimation. Using RC arrays with commercial contrast agents can reveal super resolution imaging with isotropic resolution below 20 µm. RC arrays can, thus, yield full 3-D imaging at high resolution, contrast, and volumetric rates for both anatomic and functional imaging with the same number of receive channels as current commercial 1-D arrays.

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“…A remedy for breaking the N 2 dependence on resolution is to employ row-column (RC) arrays, where only the rows or the column are accessed at a time [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Doubling resolution for these arrays also doubles the number of elements, but quadruples the probe surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic Aperture High Quality B-mode Imaging with a Row-Column Array Compared to Linear Array Imaging

Jensen

Schou

Ommen

et al. 2022

2022 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS)

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Row-column (RC) matrix probes can yield 3-D volumetric imaging using a number of receiving elements similar to traditional linear arrays for commercial scanners. Some doubts have, however, been raised on the B-mode image quality of RC probes. It is hypothesized that synthetic aperture (SA) RC imaging can yield a better volumetric resolution than commercial spatially translated linear arrays, and at the same time attain volume rates similar to frame rates for single slice linear array scanning. A Vermon 6 MHz 128 × 128 elements RC array with λ pitch was used on a Verasonics Vantage 256 scanner. A SA sequence with 2 × 96 emissions on the rows and columns and reception on all 128 orthogonal elements were employed giving a 62.5 Hz volume rate for a pulse repetition frequency of 12 kHz. The resolution and contrast were compared to an optimized SA sequence for a 256-elements GE L3-12D 6 MHz linear array probe, where the volume was acquired using a linear probe translation in the elevation direction. Imaging was conducted on a 3-D printed point spread function (PSF) phantom with scattering voids in a 6 × 4 × 4 grid with a 2.05 mm spacing in all three directions. The exposed kidney of a Sprague-Dawley rat was also scanned in vivo with the RC probe. B-mode images of the 3-D printed PSF phantom were shown with a 40 dB dynamic range along with the linear array scans. An isotropic resolution of (1.05λ , 1.10λ , 0.62λ ) = (x, y, z) was obtained for the row-column probe. The linear array probe had an elevation resolution determined by the geometric elevation focus of the array, and therefore the four rows of point scatterers could not be differentiated in the elevation direction due to the fixed elevation focus. The data rates were identical for the two arrays, but the RC array yielded an isotropic PSF with an improved contrast, and a 62.5 Hz volume rate comparable to normal linear array imaging. In vivo kidney images for the three orthogonal planes were shown with a 60 dB dynamic range demonstrating the isotropic speckle pattern in all three directions for all depths. The SA imaging RC sequence thus yielded a PSF independent of orientation and depth. Any slice plane in the volume therefore had a uniform speckle pattern, contrast, and resolution, demonstrating that RC arrays can yield higher quality B-mode images than linear arrays. The penetration depth of the probe and sequence was also measured to be 550λ corresponding to 141 mm.

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3-D Spatial Compounding Using a Row-Column Array

Cited by 9 publications

References 19 publications

Row–Column Beamformer for Fast Volumetric Imaging

Row–Column Beamformer for Fast Volumetric Imaging

Anatomic and Functional Imaging Using Row–Column Arrays

Synthetic Aperture High Quality B-mode Imaging with a Row-Column Array Compared to Linear Array Imaging

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