3′ Cap-independent translation enhancers of positive-strand RNA plant viruses

Nicholson, Beth; White, K. Andrew

doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.002

Cited by 87 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Aspects of translational control that have been covered well in recent reviews are not described in full detail here, for example on control of translation by sucrose (Hummel et al, 2009), on ribonucleoprotein complexes (Bailey-Serres et al, 2009), the TOR kinase pathway (Dobrenel et al, 2011), eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2a phosphorylation (Hey et al, 2010;Immanuel et al, 2012), ribosomal effects on development (Horiguchi et al, 2012), and on comparing plant with non-plant processes (Munoz and Castellano, 2012). In keeping with an article on Arabidopsis, we do not consider translational control of plant viruses and virus resistance (Dreher and Miller, 2006;Robaglia and Caranta, 2006;Nicholson and White, 2011;Echevarria-Zomeno et al, 2013). Articles linking translation factors with higher-level processes, such as growth and development, are generally omitted unless there is specific evidence for regulation at the mRNA level.…”

Section: Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because comprehensive coverage of viral translation mechanisms such as capindependent translational enhancement, alternative initiation, shunting, ribosomal frameshifting, and stop codon readthrough would go well beyond the scope of this chapter, the reader is referred to earlier reviews (e.g. (Dreher and Miller, 2006;Ryabova et al, 2006;Nicholson and White, 2011;Simon and Miller, 2013). Only a few concepts from Arabidopsis as a host species will be mentioned.…”

Section: Early Evidence For Translational Control In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, rather few plant translational control elements have been identified de novo by experimental structure-function analysis. RNA structures that regulate translation are very well appreciated in viruses (Zuo et al, 2010;Nicholson and White, 2011;Stupina et al, 2011), but barely characterized for plant mRNAs (Niepel et al, 1999;Wang and Wessler, 2001;Hulzink et al, 2002;Li et al, 2012).…”

Section: Sequence Elements That Drive Translational Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Translational Regulation of Cytoplasmic mRNAs

Roy

Arnim

2013

The Arabidopsis Book

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Translation of the coding potential of a messenger RNA into a protein molecule is a fundamental process in all living cells and consumes a large fraction of metabolites and energy resources in growing cells. Moreover, translation has emerged as an important control point in the regulation of gene expression. At the level of gene regulation, translational control is utilized to support the specific life histories of plants, in particular their responses to the abiotic environment and to metabolites. This review summarizes the diversity of translational control mechanisms in the plant cytoplasm, focusing on specific cases where mechanisms of translational control have evolved to complement or eclipse other levels of gene regulation. We begin by introducing essential features of the translation apparatus. We summarize early evidence for translational control from the pre-Arabidopsis era. Next, we review evidence for translation control in response to stress, to metabolites, and in development. The following section emphasizes RNA sequence elements and biochemical processes that regulate translation. We close with a chapter on the role of signaling pathways that impinge on translation.

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Section: Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Early Evidence For Translational Control In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sequence Elements That Drive Translational Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Translational Regulation of Cytoplasmic mRNAs

Roy

Arnim

2013

The Arabidopsis Book

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“…In addition we cannot rule out a more direct role for eIF4E in cap-independent translation. Several positive-sense RNA plant viruses lack a 5 ′ cap structure and rely on cap-independent translation elements (CITEs), located in 3 ′ UTRs, to mediate translation (Nicholson and White 2011). CITEs are highly folded RNA structures that recruit initiation factors to the viral RNA and engage in long-range RNA-RNA base-pairing between the 3 ′ and 5 ′ UTR to direct translation (Nicholson and White 2011;Kraft et al 2013).…”

Section: Vflip Ires Activity Requires Eif4g and Eif4ementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several positive-sense RNA plant viruses lack a 5 ′ cap structure and rely on cap-independent translation elements (CITEs), located in 3 ′ UTRs, to mediate translation (Nicholson and White 2011). CITEs are highly folded RNA structures that recruit initiation factors to the viral RNA and engage in long-range RNA-RNA base-pairing between the 3 ′ and 5 ′ UTR to direct translation (Nicholson and White 2011;Kraft et al 2013). For example, the pea enation mosaic virus RNA 2 translation element (PTE) contains a pseudoknot that binds to eIF4E with high affinity to recruit eIF4F and act as a translation enhancer (Wang et al 2009).…”

Section: Vflip Ires Activity Requires Eif4g and Eif4ementioning

confidence: 99%

Functional analysis of Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus vFLIP expression reveals a new mode of IRES-mediated translation

Othman

Sulaiman

Willcocks

et al. 2014

RNA

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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus, the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). One of the key viral proteins that contributes to tumorigenesis is vFLIP, a viral homolog of the FLICE inhibitory protein. This KSHV protein interacts with the NFκB pathway to trigger the expression of antiapoptotic and proinflammatory genes and ultimately leads to tumor formation. The expression of vFLIP is regulated at the translational level by an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) element. However, the precise mechanism by which ribosomes are recruited internally and the exact location of the IRES has remained elusive. Here we show that a 252-nt fragment directly upstream of vFLIP, within a coding region, directs translation. We have established its RNA structure and demonstrate that IRES activity requires the presence of eIF4A and an intact eIF4G. Furthermore, and unusually for an IRES, eIF4E is part of the complex assembled onto the vFLIP IRES to direct translation. These molecular interactions define a new paradigm for IRES-mediated translation.

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Novel viral translation strategies

Jan

2014

WIREs RNA

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Viral genomes are compact and encode a limited number of proteins. Because they do not encode components of the translational machinery, viruses exhibit an absolute dependence on the host ribosome and factors for viral messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. In order to recruit the host ribosome, viruses have evolved unique strategies to either outcompete cellular transcripts that are efficiently translated by the canonical translation pathway or to reroute translation factors and ribosomes to the viral genome. Furthermore, viruses must evade host antiviral responses and escape immune surveillance. This review focuses on some recent major findings that have revealed unconventional strategies that viruses utilize, which include usurping the host translational machinery, modulating canonical translation initiation factors to specifically enhance or repress overall translation for the purpose of viral production, and increasing viral coding capacity. The discovery of these diverse viral strategies has provided insights into additional translational control mechanisms and into the viral host interactions that ensure viral protein synthesis and replication.

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3′ Cap-independent translation enhancers of positive-strand RNA plant viruses

Cited by 87 publications

References 45 publications

Translational Regulation of Cytoplasmic mRNAs

Translational Regulation of Cytoplasmic mRNAs

Functional analysis of Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus vFLIP expression reveals a new mode of IRES-mediated translation

Novel viral translation strategies

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