3. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Lead in the Environment

Hauser, Peter C.

doi:10.1515/9783110434330-003

Lead – Its Effects on Environment and Health 2017

DOI: 10.1515/9783110434330-003

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3. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Lead in the Environment

Peter C. Hauser¹

Abstract: A survey of the methods for the determination of lead in environmental samples is given. These are mainly based on sensitive atomic spectrometry, but alternatives, such as electrochemical and separation methods are also possible. Discussed are also sample preparation and speciation for differentiation between different organometallic forms as well as applications of isotope-selective determinations.

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Cited by 2 publications

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Development and validation of a simple and rapid ICP-OES method for quantification of elemental impurities in voriconazole drug substance

et al. 2021

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Background The aim of the present study was to develop and validate an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopic (ICP–OES) method for quantification of elemental impurities, i.e., Lead, Palladium, and Zinc, in voriconazole drug substance, and this method was employed for the regular sample analysis of Lead, Palladium, and Zinc in voriconazole drug substance for pharmaceutical use. The method has been validated using RF power of 1150 W, auxiliary gas of 0.5 L/min, and nebulizer flow of 0.4 L/min and plasma view at axial mode for Lead and Palladium and radial mode for Zinc. The wavelength was monitored for Lead, Palladium, and Zinc at 220.3 nm, 340.4 nm, and 213.8 nm respectively. Results The method is selective and is capable of detecting desired elemental impurities with regulatory acceptance limits in the presence of other elements. The validation experiments involve the demonstration of system suitability, specificity, LOD and LOQ, linearity, precision, and accuracy experiments. The linearity results obtained ˃ 0.9990 for all three impurities. Conclusion The proposed method is simple, sensitive quality control tool for the simultaneous quantitative determination of Lead, Palladium, and Zinc at low levels in voriconazole drug substance. Graphical abstract

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Development and validation of a simple and rapid ICP-OES method for quantification of elemental impurities in voriconazole drug substance

et al. 2021

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Lead: properties, history, and applications

Boldyrev¹

2018

Wiki J Sci

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Lead is a chemical element with the atomic number 82 and the symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum). It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air. Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element and concludes three major decay chains of heavier elements. Lead is a relatively unreactive post-transition metal. Its weak metallic character is illustrated by its amphoteric nature; lead and its oxides react with acids and bases, and it tends to form covalent bonds. Compounds of lead are usually found in the +2 oxidation state rather than the +4 state common with lighter members of the carbon group. Exceptions are mostly limited to organolead compounds. Like the lighter members of the group, lead tends to bond with itself; it can form chains, rings and polyhedral structures. Lead is easily extracted from its ores; prehistoric people in Western Asia knew of it. Galena, a principal ore of lead, often bears silver, interest in which helped initiate widespread extraction and use of lead in ancient Rome. Lead production declined after the fall of Rome and did not reach comparable levels until the Industrial Revolution. In 2014, annual global production of lead was about ten million tonnes, over half of which was from recycling. Lead's high density, low melting point, ductility, and relative inertness to oxidation make it useful. These properties, combined with its relative abundance and low cost, resulted in its extensive use in construction, plumbing, batteries, bullets and shot, weights, solders, pewters, fusible alloys, white paints, leaded gasoline, and radiation shielding.

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3. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Lead in the Environment

Cited by 2 publications

References 9 publications

Development and validation of a simple and rapid ICP-OES method for quantification of elemental impurities in voriconazole drug substance

Development and validation of a simple and rapid ICP-OES method for quantification of elemental impurities in voriconazole drug substance

Lead: properties, history, and applications

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