3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Intoxication in an Infant Chronically Exposed to Cocaine

Garcı́a-Algar, Óscar; López, Núria; Bonet, Mariona; Pellegrini, Manuela; Marchei, Emilia; Pichini, Simona

doi:10.1097/01.ftd.0000166041.97524.50

Cited by 34 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…A national survey in Australia conducted in 2001 revealed that 5% of teenagers and 10% of young adults had used ecstasy at least once in the preceding year [40]. Although self-reported substance use is an imperfect measure, the conclusion that ecstasy use is prevalent is generally supported by other indices of drug use including arrests [123], drug seizures [143], hair analyses [69], emergency room records [53,98,114], and coroner's reports [138].…”

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confidence: 99%

A developmental comparison of the neurobehavioral effects of ecstasy (MDMA)

Piper

2007

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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The entactogen ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) is a popular recreational drug among college, high school, and, occasionally, middle school students. Preclinical research examining the acute and long-term effects of MDMA has predominately been conducted in reproductively mature subjects but there has been increasing interest in adolescent and in utero exposure. This review examines the acute and long-term responses to MDMA during perinatal, adolescent, and adult periods. The ability of MDMA to alter core body temperature emerges gradually during ontogeny while a reduction in body weight is evident at all ages. Learning and workingmemory are also altered independent of the developmental stage of exposure. Current evidence suggests adults are more sensitive to the long-term serotonin depletions following MDMA but younger ages also exhibit substantial and rapid neuroplasticity. Sexually dimorphic MDMA responses have been identified for the acute hyperthermic and motoric effects of MDMA with pubescent males being especially susceptible. Several physiological, behavioral, and neurochemical MDMA issues requiring further study are also outlined. Keywords±3; 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; Adolescence; Anxiety; Depression; Learning; SerotoninThe phenylethylamine ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a popular recreational drug best known as ecstasy. MDMA has several other street names including Adam, baby slits, chocolate chips, clarity, doctor, essence, kleenex, and roll [77]. Although ecstasy has some similarities with both stimulants and hallucinogens, MDMA is an entactogen. Entactogen means "touching within" based on the drug's subjective effects [110]. MDMA also causes long term changes in several markers of the integrity of the serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter system [58]. There have been several excellent recent reviews on MDMA toxicology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and neurobehavioral consequences [30,37,113,157], but none have systematically addressed the intricate effects of MDMA during development.Ecstasy use is not restricted to limited subpopulations, that is fans of techno music and "raves" [173] or male homosexuals [73,81], as MDMA has expanded into the general population [124,148,170] and especially young people [52,78,170,172]. Over one hundred pregnant women in Toronto called a substance abuse helpline between 1998 and 2000 to inquire Corresponding Author: Brian J. Piper, Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-7710, Tel: (413) 545-0996, bpiper@nsm.umass.edu Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers...

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A developmental comparison of the neurobehavioral effects of ecstasy (MDMA)

Piper

2007

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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“…Many of the previously published articles primarily discuss poisoning from accidental methamphetamine ingestions in children. Rhabdomyolysis, sudden death, and other known complications for stimulant toxicity were reported (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Stimulant Toxicity in Children

Hassanian‐Moghaddam

Ranjbar

Farnaghi

et al. 2015

Pediatric Critical Care Medicine

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“…Considering this child's age, the results suggest that passive environmental exposure in young children may have highly toxic, even potential lethal, effects, probably due to their immature metabolizing capacity. In fact, previous cases of symptomatic chronic intoxication by cocaine have been described, but with lower concentration of cocaine in hair in comparison with adult hair concentrations [25-29]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hair analysis following chronic smoked-drugs-of-abuse exposure in adults and their toddler: a case report

et al. 2011

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IntroductionOver the past two decades, the study of chronic cocaine and crack cocaine exposure in the pediatric population has been focused on the potential adverse effects, especially in the prenatal period and early childhood. Non-invasive biological matrices have become an essential tool for the assessment of a long-term history of drug of abuse exposure.Case reportWe analyze the significance of different biomarker values in hair after chronic crack exposure in a two-year-old Caucasian girl and her parents, who are self-reported crack smokers. The level of benzoylecgonine, the principal metabolite of cocaine, was determined in segmented hair samples (0 cm to 3 cm from the scalp, and > 3 cm from the scalp) following washing to exclude external contamination. Benzoylecgonine was detectable in high concentrations in the child's hair, at 1.9 ng/mg and 7.04 ng/mg, respectively. Benzoylecgonine was also present in the maternal and paternal hair samples at 7.88 ng/mg and 6.39 ng/mg, and 13.06 ng/mg and 12.97 ng/mg, respectively.ConclusionBased on the data from this case and from previously published poisoning cases, as well as on the experience of our research group, we conclude that, using similar matrices for the study of chronic drug exposure, children present with a higher cocaine concentration in hair and they experience more serious deleterious acute effects, probably due to a different and slower cocaine metabolism. Consequently, children must be not exposed to secondhand crack smoke under any circumstance.

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3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Intoxication in an Infant Chronically Exposed to Cocaine

Cited by 34 publications

References 14 publications

A developmental comparison of the neurobehavioral effects of ecstasy (MDMA)

A developmental comparison of the neurobehavioral effects of ecstasy (MDMA)

Stimulant Toxicity in Children

Hair analysis following chronic smoked-drugs-of-abuse exposure in adults and their toddler: a case report

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