3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (mdma): A review

O'Leary, Grace; Nargiso, Jessica E.; Weiss, Roger D.

doi:10.1007/s11920-001-0041-y

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(86 reference statements)

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“…The US survey queried about hallucinogens, and within that category, asked specifically about use of ecstasy mentions of GHB in emergency department visits [16,17]). Over the years, ecstasy use has increased (Table 1).…”

Section: Ecstasymentioning

confidence: 99%

Update: comparison of drug use in Australia and the United States as seen in the 2001 National Household Surveys

Maxwell

2003

Drug and Alcohol Review

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This paper updates an earlier article by comparing the results of the 1998 and 2001 household surveys. The Australian survey showed a significant decrease in past-year use of "any illicit drug". The methodological changes in the US surveys prevented comparison for these years, but there were increases in use of any illicit drug between 2000 and 2001. Patterns of use of marijuana, stimulants, cocaine, ecstasy, heroin and needles are shown by age group and gender. Use by teenage girls in both countries has risen to the point that they are now using alcohol and some drugs at rates similar to boys. Over 20% of teens in both countries reported binge drinking in the past month. While Australians in their 20s had the highest rates of lifetime and past-year use, in the United States, depending on the drug, lifetime use was highest among people in their 30s or 40s, with past-year use highest among teenagers. Drug treatment services are needed not only for young people, but also for aging users. The changes in perceptions of risk from use of various drugs and availability of these drugs are related to changes in prevalence rates.

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Section: Ecstasymentioning

confidence: 99%

Update: comparison of drug use in Australia and the United States as seen in the 2001 National Household Surveys

Maxwell

2003

Drug and Alcohol Review

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“…MDMA have demonstrated short-and long-term central nervous system (CNS) neuronal damage with attendant reductions in serotonin (O'Leary, Nargiso, and Weiss, 2001). Fox et al (2002) found initial cognitive deficits in ecstasy polydrug users may be more apparent in tasks known to be sensitive to temporal functioning.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Party Drugs: Properties, Prevalence, Patterns, and Problems

Maxwell

2005

Substance Use & Misuse

112

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This review summarizes the latest literature on "party" or "club" drugs, defined as MDMA, GHB, ketamine, and Rohypnol, as published from 2002 to early 2005. Club drugs have been categorized as being used at raves and dance parties. The literature shows that each drug has different properties, users, and settings. Each drug has different adverse effects and requires different acute care protocols. Although these drugs were identified early, scientific information about them, including the toxicological tests to identify them, is still evolving. Increasing numbers of studies on the short- and long-term effects of these drugs on humans are being published, but because of limitations on research using human subjects, they may not always be as rigorous as desired and can be cited by drug users to discredit findings of harm. The lack of research-based information on these drugs has led to the emergence of web sites that may or may not provide accurate data. Evaluated chemical dependency treatment protocols using the latest research for each of these different drugs are needed.

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“…Numerous reviews and handbooks have been published on MDA and MDMA, the two RSAs that entered the market first (22,31,52,54,57,60,78,102,109,110,120,122,127,137). The present paper reviews the pharmacology and toxicology of MDEA, a newer member of the family.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology of 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethyl‐amphetamine (MDEA)

Freudenmann

Spitzer

2004

CNS Drug Reviews

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This paper reviews the pharmacology and toxicology of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA, "eve"). MDEA is a ring-substituted amphetamine (RSA) like MDMA, its well known N-methyl analog. Both have become very popular substances of abuse in the techno-and house-music scene. They can evoke psychomotor stimulation, mild alterations of perception, sensations of closeness and a positive emotional state as well as sympathomimetic physical effects. At present, the name "ecstasy" is no longer used only for MDMA, but for the whole group of RSAs (MDA, MDMA, MDEA and MBDB) as they are chemically and pharmacologically nearly identical; moreover, many ecstasy pills contain mixtures of the RSAs. Hence, for a selective review on MDEA, it is crucial to strictly differentiate between: 1) street and chemical names, and 2) studies with or without chemically defined substances. In order to present MDEA-specific information, the pharmacodynamics and kinetics are described on the basis of MDEA challenge studies in animals and humans. In the toxicology section, we present a collection of case reports on fatalities where MDEA was toxicologically confirmed. On the question of serotonergic neurotoxicity and possible long-term consequences, however, MDEA-specific information is available from animal studies only. The neurotoxic potential of MDEA in humans is difficult to estimate, as ecstasy users do not consume pure substances. For future research, challenge studies in animals using dosing regimens adapted to human consumption patterns are needed. Such challenge studies should directly compare individual RSAs. They will represent the most viable and fruitful approach to the resolution of the highly controversial issues of serotonergic neurotoxicity and its functional consequences.

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3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (mdma): A review

Cited by 17 publications

References 72 publications

Update: comparison of drug use in Australia and the United States as seen in the 2001 National Household Surveys

Update: comparison of drug use in Australia and the United States as seen in the 2001 National Household Surveys

Party Drugs: Properties, Prevalence, Patterns, and Problems

The Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology of 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethyl‐amphetamine (MDEA)

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