3,3′-dichlorobiphenyl (non-Aroclor PCB-11) as a marker of non-legacy PCB contamination in marine species: comparison between Antarctic and Mediterranean bivalves

Pizzini, Sarah; Sbicego, Chiara; Corami, Fabiana; Grotti, Marco; Magi, Emanuele; Bonato, Tiziano; Cozzi, Giulio; Barbante, Carlo; Piazza, Rossano

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.023

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…3, is an unintentionally produced PCB congener that is not present in legacy PCB mixtures but has been detected in many parts of the world. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] This PCB congener is, for example, formed from dichlorinated benzidines during the production of yellow paint pigments. 4 Because of its semi-volatile nature, humans may be exposed to PCB 11 by inhalation and via the diet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite these global efforts, environmental and human biomonitoring studies demonstrate that industrial and consumer products, such as paints and epoxy resins, − can be contaminated with unintentionally produced PCBs. 3,3′-Dichlorobiphenyl (PCB 11) is an unintentionally produced PCB congener that is not present in legacy PCB mixtures but has been detected in many parts of the world. − This PCB congener is, for example, formed from dichlorinated benzidines during the production of yellow paint pigments . Because of its semivolatile nature, humans may be exposed to PCB 11 by inhalation and via the diet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3,3′-Dichlorobiphenyl Is Metabolized to a Complex Mixture of Oxidative Metabolites, Including Novel Methoxylated Metabolites, by HepG2 Cells

Zhang

Flor

Ruíz

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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3,3'-Dichlorobiphenyl (PCB 11) is a byproduct of industrial processes and detected in environmental samples. PCB 11 and its metabolites are present in human serum, and emerging evidence demonstrates that PCB 11 is a developmental neurotoxicant. However, little is known about the metabolism of PCB 11 in humans. Here we investigated the metabolism of PCB 11 and the associated metabolomics changes in HepG2 cells using untargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry. HepG2 cells were exposed for 24 h to PCB 11 in DMSO or DMSO alone. Cell culture media were analyzed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Thirty different metabolites were formed by HepG2 cells exposed to 10 μM PCB 11, including monohydroxylated, dihydroxylated, hydroxylatedmethoxylated, and methoxylated-di-hydroxylated metabolites, and the corresponding sulfo and glucuronide conjugates. The methoxylated PCB metabolites were observed for the first time in a human-relevant model. 4-OH-PCB 11 (3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ol) and the corresponding catechol metabolite, 4,5-di-OH-PCB 11 (3',5-dichloro-3,4-dihydroxybiphenyl), were unambiguously

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3,3′-Dichlorobiphenyl Is Metabolized to a Complex Mixture of Oxidative Metabolites, Including Novel Methoxylated Metabolites, by HepG2 Cells

Zhang

Flor

Ruíz

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…5 Other work has shown that PCB-11 is relatively abundant in water and sediment from the Delaware River 6 and from the New York/New Jersey 7 and Portland Harbors 8 and in Antarctic and Mediterranean bivalves. 9 Environmental levels of PCB-11 have recently been reviewed by Vorkamp. 10 Aroclor-PCB mixtures were primarily used as dielectric fluids, and they entered the environment when the devices in which they were used were filled, leaked, or wasted.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PCB-11 is also known to bioaccumulate in humans. , Hornbuckle et al initially focused on air collected in Chicago, but Basu et al soon reported that PCB-11 is widely distributed in atmospheric samples collected at five locations around the Great Lakes and that its atmospheric levels are much higher in the summer than in the winter . Other work has shown that PCB-11 is relatively abundant in water and sediment from the Delaware River and from the New York/New Jersey and Portland Harbors and in Antarctic and Mediterranean bivalves . Environmental levels of PCB-11 have recently been reviewed by Vorkamp …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Concentrations of PCB-11 Near the Great Lakes Have Not Decreased Since 2004

Hites

2018

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Dichlorobiphenyl (PCB-11) is thought to be a byproduct of the production of yellow pigments, and thus, it has sources to the environment that differ both in type and magnitude compared to the PCBs that made up the, now banned, Aroclor commercial products. To assess these differences, the temporal trends of atmospheric concentrations of PCB-11 relative to those of 31 specific Aroclor-related congeners and relative to those of total Aroclor-PCBs at six sites near the North American Great Lakes were investigated. About 1800 atmospheric samples were collected over the period of 2004−2015 (inclusive). A multiple linear regression approach was used to isolate the variations in the atmospheric concentrations due to the human population near the sampling sites, seasonal effects, and long-term temporal changes. The atmospheric concentrations of the Aroclor-PCBs are decreasing with halving times of about 12 years, but the atmospheric concentrations of PCB-11 have not changed significantly over this time period. These results suggest that PCB-11 is still leaking into the environment, while at the same time sources of Aroclor-PCBs are coming under control. This effect is particularly notable at the most remote site on Lake Superior, where PCB-11 levels are, on average, 11% of those of total Aroclor-PCBs; this is a not insignificant abundance of a single PCB congener.

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“…As one of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) listed in the “Dirty Dozen”, commercial technical mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), such as Aroclor, have been banned for almost 40 years. − Studies have demonstrated the contribution of each PCB source, especially Aroclor. The global distribution of PCBs has changed over time, with many areas showing decreasing trends of PCB concentrations. , However, the congener 3,3-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB-11) has been frequently identified as the dominant PCB congener in various regions worldwide. − PCB-11 is a manufacturing byproduct of organic pigment and painting and is considered a marker of non-Aroclor and unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) in the environment. Studies have shown that the production of organic pigment and paint in China was 234 000 tons in 2018, accounting for more than 50% of global production. , Therefore, investigating the release of PCB-11 is an important research topic; however, long-term data and identification of the sources of Aroclor-PCB products and UP-PCBs in China are still scarce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Trends and Sources of PCBs in Mollusks from the Bohai Sea between 2011 and 2018

et al. 2021

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Commercial technical mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been banned for almost 40 years. However, there are still sources from chemical products, such as 3,3′-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB-11), a byproduct of pigment production, which continuously release PCBs into the environment. In this study, mollusks (n = 316) were collected from nine coastal cities of the Chinese Bohai Sea area between 2011 and 2018 to investigate the temporal trend and sources of PCBs in this area. Σ27 PCBs ranged from 0.19 to 16.01 ng/g dry weight, with a median concentration of 2.00 ng/g dry weight. PCB-11 was the most detected congener, accounting for 52.5 ± 18% of Σ27 PCBs. The temporal trend analysis indicated that the concentrations of PCBs in mollusks decreased significantly, with halving times of approximately 10.4 years. Compared to the total concentrations of PCBs, PCB-11 in mollusks did not significantly change over this time period, indicating that PCB-11 is continuously leaking into the environment. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model indicated that the main source of PCBs in mollusks was pigment and painting (58.2%). These results imply that the unintentional emission of PCBs requires further attention.

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3,3′-dichlorobiphenyl (non-Aroclor PCB-11) as a marker of non-legacy PCB contamination in marine species: comparison between Antarctic and Mediterranean bivalves

Cited by 15 publications

References 53 publications

3,3′-Dichlorobiphenyl Is Metabolized to a Complex Mixture of Oxidative Metabolites, Including Novel Methoxylated Metabolites, by HepG2 Cells

3,3′-Dichlorobiphenyl Is Metabolized to a Complex Mixture of Oxidative Metabolites, Including Novel Methoxylated Metabolites, by HepG2 Cells

Atmospheric Concentrations of PCB-11 Near the Great Lakes Have Not Decreased Since 2004

Temporal Trends and Sources of PCBs in Mollusks from the Bohai Sea between 2011 and 2018

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