2D or not 2D? An fMRI study of how dogs visually process objects

Prichard, Ashley; Chhibber, Raveena; Athanassiades, Kate; Chiu, Veronica; Spivak, Mark; Berns, Gregory S.

doi:10.1007/s10071-021-01506-3

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(69 reference statements)

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“…The dog brain is currently the focus of several projects, including, among others, EEG (Iotchev et al 2020), brain banking efforts (Urfer et al 2021;Sandor et al 2021Sandor et al , 2022, with fMRI being the most proliferate field in recent years (Aulet et al 2019;Karl et al 2021;Prichard et al 2021). Recent dog fMRI studies are venturing into a wide array of topics, from epilepsy (Beckmann et al 2021) to comparative face and voice processing (Bunford et al 2017;Boros et al 2021;Bunford 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Central nodes of canine functional brain networks are concentrated in the cingulate gyrus

Szabó

Janosov²,

Czeibert

et al. 2023

Brain Struct Funct

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Compared to the field of human fMRI, knowledge about functional networks in dogs is scarce. In this paper, we present the first anatomically-defined ROI (region of interest) based functional network map of the companion dog brain. We scanned 33 awake dogs in a “task-free condition”. Our trained subjects, similarly to humans, remain willingly motionless during scanning. Our goal is to provide a reference map with a current best estimate for the organisation of the cerebral cortex as measured by functional connectivity. The findings extend a previous spatial ICA (independent component analysis) study (Szabo et al. in Sci Rep 9(1):1.25. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51752-2, 2019), with the current study including (1) more subjects and (2) improved scanning protocol to avoid asymmetric lateral distortions. In dogs, similarly to humans (Sacca et al. in J Neurosci Methods. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109084, 2021), ageing resulted in increasing framewise displacement (i.e. head motion) in the scanner. Despite the inherently different approaches between model-free ICA and model-based ROI, the resulting functional networks show a remarkable similarity. However, in the present study, we did not detect a designated auditory network. Instead, we identified two highly connected, lateralised multi-region networks extending to non-homotropic regions (Sylvian L, Sylvian R), including the respective auditory regions, together with the associative and sensorimotor cortices and the insular cortex. The attention and control networks were not split into two fully separated, dedicated networks. Overall, in dogs, fronto-parietal networks and hubs were less dominant than in humans, with the cingulate gyrus playing a central role. The current manuscript provides the first attempt to map whole-brain functional networks in dogs via a model-based approach.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2021 ; Prichard et al. 2021 ). Recent dog fMRI studies are venturing into a wide array of topics, from epilepsy (Beckmann et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central nodes of canine functional brain networks are concentrated in the cingulate gyrus

Szabó

Janosov²,

Czeibert

et al. 2023

Brain Struct Funct

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“…In a recent dog fMRI study, our group found that a reward-system response could be associated with either objects or pictures of the same objects, but this reward response did not automatically transfer to the other condition. For example, a dog trained to associate a reward with a picture of an object did not show a reward response to the object itself [ 8 ]. This finding raises the question of whether live-action stimuli would be more ecologically valid for the study of faces as well as objects in dogs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Live and Video Stimuli to Localize Face and Object Processing Regions of the Canine Brain

Gillette

Phillips

Dilks

et al. 2022

Animals

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Previous research to localize face areas in dogs’ brains has generally relied on static images or videos. However, most dogs do not naturally engage with two-dimensional images, raising the question of whether dogs perceive such images as representations of real faces and objects. To measure the equivalency of live and two-dimensional stimuli in the dog’s brain, during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we presented dogs and humans with live-action stimuli (actors and objects) as well as videos of the same actors and objects. The dogs (n = 7) and humans (n = 5) were presented with 20 s blocks of faces and objects in random order. In dogs, we found significant areas of increased activation in the putative dog face area, and in humans, we found significant areas of increased activation in the fusiform face area to both live and video stimuli. In both dogs and humans, we found areas of significant activation in the posterior superior temporal sulcus (ectosylvian fissure in dogs) and the lateral occipital complex (entolateral gyrus in dogs) to both live and video stimuli. Of these regions of interest, only the area along the ectosylvian fissure in dogs showed significantly more activation to live faces than to video faces, whereas, in humans, both the fusiform face area and posterior superior temporal sulcus responded significantly more to live conditions than video conditions. However, using the video conditions alone, we were able to localize all regions of interest in both dogs and humans. Therefore, videos can be used to localize these regions of interest, though live conditions may be more salient.

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“…Some studies investigated whether dogs can use video-projected human pointing gestures to locate hidden food (Bálint et al, 2015;Péter et al, 2013;Pongrácz et al, 2018). Other studies compared directly dogs' behavioral responses with (Binderlehner, 2017;Eatherington et al, 2021;Huber et al, 2013;Kaminski et al, 2009;Pongrácz et al, 2003) and their neural processing of (Prichard et al, 2021b) two-dimensional stimuli and their real-life counterparts.…”

Section: Artificial Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye Tracking in Dogs: Achievements and Challenges

Huber¹,

Lonardo²,

Völter³

2023

CCBR

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In this article, we review eye-tracking studies with dogs (Canis familiaris) with a threefold goal; we highlight the achievements in the field of canine perception and cognition using eye tracking, then discuss the challenges that arise in the application of a technology that has been developed in human psychophysics, and finally propose new avenues in dog eye-tracking research. For the first goal, we present studies that investigated dogs' perception of humans, mainly faces, but also hands, gaze, emotions, communicative signals, goal-directed movements, and social interactions, as well as the perception of animations representing possible and impossible physical processes and animacy cues. We then discuss the present challenges of eye tracking with dogs, like doubtful picture-object equivalence, extensive training, small sample sizes, difficult calibration, and artificial stimuli and settings. We suggest possible improvements and solutions for these problems in order to achieve better stimulus and data quality. Finally, we propose the use of dynamic stimuli, pupillometry, arrival time analyses, mobile eye tracking, and combinations with behavioral and neuroimaging methods to further advance canine research and open up new scientific fields in this highly dynamic branch of comparative cognition.

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2D or not 2D? An fMRI study of how dogs visually process objects

Cited by 8 publications

References 57 publications

Central nodes of canine functional brain networks are concentrated in the cingulate gyrus

Central nodes of canine functional brain networks are concentrated in the cingulate gyrus

Using Live and Video Stimuli to Localize Face and Object Processing Regions of the Canine Brain

Eye Tracking in Dogs: Achievements and Challenges

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