2D-nanomaterials for controlling friction and wear at interfaces

Spear, Jessica; Ewers, Bradley W.; Batteas, James D.

doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2015.04.003

Cited by 289 publications

(143 citation statements)

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“…Out of these studies, a large body of knowledge have emerged in recent years. When the cost, reliability and environmental health and safety issues have been addressed, it looks that these materials may provide great opportunities for all kinds of tribological applications [104][105][106].…”

Section: New Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions

2017

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Abstract:Calculations of the impact of friction and wear on energy consumption, economic expenditure, and CO 2 emissions are presented on a global scale. This impact study covers the four main energy consuming sectors: transportation, manufacturing, power generation, and residential. Previously published four case studies on passenger cars, trucks and buses, paper machines and the mining industry were included in our detailed calculations as reference data in our current analyses. The following can be concluded:-In total, ~23% (119 EJ) of the world's total energy consumption originates from tribological contacts. Of that 20% (103 EJ) is used to overcome friction and 3% (16 EJ) is used to remanufacture worn parts and spare equipment due to wear and wear-related failures.-By taking advantage of the new surface, materials, and lubrication technologies for friction reduction and wear protection in vehicles, machinery and other equipment worldwide, energy losses due to friction and wear could potentially be reduced by 40% in the long term (15 years)and by 18% in the short term (8 years). On global scale, these savings would amount to 1.4% of the GDP annually and 8.7% of the total energy consumption in the long term.-The largest short term energy savings are envisioned in transportation (25%) and in the power generation (20%) while the potential savings in the manufacturing and residential sectors are estimated to be ~10%. In the longer terms, the savings would be 55%, 40%, 25%, and 20%, respectively.-Implementing advanced tribological technologies can also reduce the CO 2 emissions globally by as much as 1,460 MtCO 2 and result in 450,000 million Euros cost savings in the short term. In the longer term, the reduction can be 3,140 MtCO 2 and the cost savings 970,000 million Euros.Fifty years ago, wear and wear-related failures were a major concern for UK industry and their mitigation was considered to be the major contributor to potential economic savings by as much as 95% in ten years by the development and deployment of new tribological solutions. The corresponding estimated savings are today still of the same orders but the calculated contribution to cost reduction is about 74% by friction reduction and to 26% from better wear protection. Overall, wear appears to be more critical than friction as it may result in catastrophic failures and operational breakdowns that can adversely impact productivity and hence cost.

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Section: New Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions

2017

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“…These results aim to provide a thorough understanding of the mechanical response of 2D material interfaces to both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane deformations and ultimately offer direct guidelines for the optimal design of the strain engineering of 2D materials. The readers are also referred to detailed reviews on 2D material interfaces from different perspectives, such as of nanocomposites, tribology, and so on …”

Section: Mechanical Characterizations Of the 2d Material–substrate Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain Engineering of 2D Materials: Issues and Opportunities at the Interface

2019

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applications of 2D materials emerging at large strain levels. [8][9][10] Considering difficulties associated with building a microelectromechanical system for straining freestanding 2D materials, [11] 2D materials were often transferred onto a substrate such that the strain can be introduced to the 2D material by controlling the deformation of the bulk substrate. [12] Such fact has led to significant advances in the strategies for straining 2D materials with a film-substrate system, as well as in interface metrologies for the van der Waals (vdW) interaction between the 2D material and its substrate.Here, we first summarize recent experimental achievements on realizing mechanical strain to substrate-supported 2D materials by categorizing the deformation modes of the 2D material-substrate system. These deformation modes include in-plane modes caused by epitaxy, thermal-expansion mismatch, and stretching/compressing the substrate, as well as out-of-plane modes caused by wrinkling and buckling of 2D materials, bulging and poking 2D materials, and transferring 2D materials on a patterned substrate. We then review recent experimental characterizations of the mechanical response of 2D material-substrate interfaces to in-plane shear deformations and out-of-plane delamination. This is not meant to be an all-encompassing analysis of the broad-field topic of strain engineering, but instead, we point out how mechanical deformations are achieved into 2D materials within the film/ substrate system and how the mechanics of interfaces govern these deformation mechanisms. The goal is to deterministically apply both strain magnitude and strain distribution into these atomically thin films and ultimately achieve strain-coupled fundamental physics and chemistry, and exciting applications in a controllable manner. Considering the interdisciplinary nature of research in this field, we also refer the readers to comprehensive reviews from relevant perspectives, including synthesis of emerging 2D materials, characterizations of the strain in 2D materials (especially via the Raman spectroscopy), and applications of mechanically strained 2D materials. [6,13,14] 2D Materials

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“…SiO2) on which they are deposited. As no interlayer sliding takes place during experiments that feature a few-layers of material (and interlayer sliding is, by definition, not possible for single-layer samples), the significant lubricative properties of 2D materials in AFM experiments are attributed to other physical factors [84], including (i) their atomic-scale smoothness, (ii) mechanical strength and (iii) chemical inertness.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Low Friction and Wearmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid Lubrication with MoS2: A Review

et al. 2019

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Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is one of the most broadly utilized solid lubricants with a wide range of applications, including but not limited to those in the aerospace/space industry. Here we present a focused review of solid lubrication with MoS2 by highlighting its structure, synthesis, applications and the fundamental mechanisms underlying its lubricative properties, together with a discussion of their environmental and temperature dependence. An effort is made to cover the main theoretical and experimental studies that constitute milestones in our scientific understanding. The review also includes an extensive overview of the structure and tribological properties of doped MoS2, followed by a discussion of potential future research directions.MoS2 belongs to the family of layered two-dimensional transitional metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Like graphite and hexagonal boron nitride, its crystal structure consists of covalently bonded sheets, which form stacks that are held together only by weak Van der Waals interactions [16]. It occurs naturally as the mineral molybdenite, an important Mo ore. Due to the strong bonding inplane and weak bonding out-of-plane, mechanical and other properties are highly anisotropic [17], and the stacks can be easily sheared. Single-layer or few-layer (i.e. 2D) MoS2 (analogous to graphene) can be produced and studied individually [18].MoS2 has several different possible structures (polytypes), depending on the bonding within the sheets and the stacks of the sheets. While graphite has a single plane of atoms per sheet, in MoS2 each sheet consists a plane of Mo atoms sandwiched between two planes of S atoms. The single-sheet structure can feature trigonal prismatic coordination around Mo, which is the semiconducting 1H ("hexagonal") structure, or octahedral bonding, which is the metallic 1T ("trigonal") phase. 1H and the ideal 1T each have 3 atoms (MoS2) per unit cell ( Figure 1); however, theoretical calculations with density-functional theory (DFT)[19] and X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments [20] have shown that in fact 1T is unstable with respect to distortions. The most commonly reported structure is a 3× 3 distortion that triples the unit cell, known as the 1T′ phase [21].Each single-sheet structure can be stacked into a crystal where the next sheet is exactly above the preceding one (AA stacking), producing the 1H, 1T, and 1T′ polytypes. The naturally occurring polytypes in molybdenite, however, are only based on the 1H sheet, and show more complicated stacking [9]. The more common is the 2H structure with 2 sheets per cell in AB stacking, where an S atom in one layer is above an Mo atom in the layer below [22,23]. The less common 3R ("rhombohedral") structure has 3 sheets per cell with ABC stacking [22,24]. These structures are shown in Figure 1. Mo-S bond lengths are around 2.4 Å for all polytypes [25]. DFT calculations show only very small energy differences between the 2H and 3R phases [25]. This insensitivity to stacking, and the low surface energy for 2H-MoS2 of 47 mJ/m 2 =...

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2D-nanomaterials for controlling friction and wear at interfaces

Cited by 289 publications

References 77 publications

Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions

Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions

Strain Engineering of 2D Materials: Issues and Opportunities at the Interface

Solid Lubrication with MoS2: A Review

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