2D materials integrated with metallic nanostructures: fundamentals and optoelectronic applications

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Due to their novel electronic and optical properties, atomically thin layered two-dimensional (2D) materials are becoming promising to realize novel functional optoelectronic devices including photodetectors, modulators, and lasers. However, light–matter interactions in 2D materials are often weak because of the atomic-scale thickness, thus limiting the performances of these devices. Metallic nanostructures supporting surface plasmon polaritons show strong ability to concentrate light within subwavelength region, opening thereby new avenues for strengthening the light–matter interactions and miniaturizing the devices. This review starts to present how to use metallic nanostructures to enhance light–matter interactions in 2D materials, mainly focusing on photoluminescence, Raman scattering, and nonlinearities of 2D materials. In addition, an overview of ultraconfined acoustic-like plasmons in hybrid graphene–metal structures is given, discussing the nonlocal response and quantum mechanical features of the graphene plasmons and metals. Then, the review summarizes the latest development of 2D material–based optoelectronic devices integrated with plasmonic nanostructures. Both off-chip and on-chip devices including modulators and photodetectors are discussed. The potentials of hybrid 2D materials plasmonic optoelectronic devices are finally summarized, giving the future research directions for applications in optical interconnects and optical communications.</jats:p>

Ultrahigh-speed graphene-based optical coherent receiver

“…In the field of waveguide-integrated graphene-based PDs, different mechanisms (photovoltaic 12,13 , photothermoelectric 14,15 , photoconductive 16 , and photobolometric 17 ), broadband detection 18,19 , responsivity of~0.5-0.7 A/W 20,21 and high-speed up to 110 GHz 20,22 were demonstrated. In particular, the integrated graphene-based PDs enabled by the plasmonic structures 16,[20][21][22][23][24][25] on silicon platform have attracted a great deal of attention recently, attributed to the greatly enhanced light-graphene interaction, and high-speed characteristics of plasmonic structures.…”

Nanoscale nonlinear plasmonics in photonic waveguides and circuits

“…21d-f, although a complete description at such scales must also account for nonlocal effects [279]. The role of plasmonics in enhancing the performance of such 2D materials has been the topic of recent reviews [280,281], and it is only a matter of time before guided-wave hybrid nonlinear plasmonic devices, enhanced by 2D materials, integrate with PICs to unlock record-level ultrafast nonlinear effects in an accessible manner. Photonic-plasmonic-2D circuits are now starting to appear [282], albeit in a different context, and current fabrication capabilities enable a scalable approach for including 2D materials on large-area waveguides [283,284].…”

MoS2 with Stable Photoluminescence Enhancement under Stretching via Plasmonic Surface Lattice Resonance

“…Generally, SLR has additionally enhanced field intensity and narrower spectral linewidth, while it can significantly tune the wavelength by changing the lattice parameters. In recent years, by combining different TMDs with various PhC and plasmonic nanostructures [ 30 ], researchers have successfully enhanced their light emissions of TMDs by more than one order [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. However, most demonstrations have still been on hard substrates, while only a few reports [ 30 ] have studied the emission enhancement in a deformable platform.…”

“…In recent years, by combining different TMDs with various PhC and plasmonic nanostructures [ 30 ], researchers have successfully enhanced their light emissions of TMDs by more than one order [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. However, most demonstrations have still been on hard substrates, while only a few reports [ 30 ] have studied the emission enhancement in a deformable platform. A further investigation on such emission enhancement under deformation is still missing.…”