2D materials for bone therapy

When 2D nanomaterials meet biomolecules: design strategies and hybrid nanostructures for bone tissue engineering

“…18 Thus, 2D nanosheets exhibit better adhesion to bone stem cells than other materials. 19 Furthermore, it has been reported that increasing the surface area enhances the cell attachment of GO nanosheets. Due to the large surface area, 2D materials with surface modifications can accommodate guest molecules for synergized therapy, repairing defects, or calming inflammation.…”

Black phosphorus thermosensitive hydrogels loaded with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes synergistically promote bone tissue defect repair

“…Prior research has shown that two-dimensional materials such as graphene oxide (GO) may dramatically enhance protein adsorption, hence facilitating cell adhesion through integrins. 48,49 In our investigation, the Gel-BP group did not have a significant advantage over the Gel group in terms of BMSC adherence, suggesting that BMSC-derived exosomes were primarily responsible for boosting cellular adhesion. On the one hand, exosomes encouraged cellular adherence through a series of surface attachment proteins and This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023 carrier ligands; on the other hand, BMSC-derived exosomes containing BMSC membrane components might boost BMSC adhesion.…”

Two‐dimensional materials for bone‐tissue engineering

“…Having various functional groups, such as epoxy, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups, makes it much easier to bind to a variety of biomolecules and, accordingly, expands the biological applications of GO. 79 Graphene and its derivatives (GDs) can potentially be used in a variety of areas, including biotechnology, polymer science, electronics, photonics, optics, catalysis, energy storage, and biomedicine. 79,81 In the medical area, graphene and particularly its derivatives might be used as drug delivery carriers, 82 phototherapeutic agents in curing cancer, 83,84 substances in tissue engineering 85,86 that serve as an anchor for cell proliferation and differentiation, biosensing, bioimaging, and so forth.…”