2D Layered Nanomaterials as Fillers in Polymer Composite Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries

Abstract

there have been tremendous efforts to improve their performance, safety, costeffectiveness, and sustainability. [1] In the last four decades, dedicated research in material science toward developing electrodes, separators, electrolytes, current collectors, packaging materials, etc., have significantly contributed to the advancement of LIB technology. [2] Indeed, the progress in cell engineering and processing conditions has aided the evolution of high energy density LIBs (energy density >250 Wh kg −1 ), leading to their widespread application spanning from electronic devices to electric vehicles and stationary/ grid energy storage. [1] Considering the contributions that led to the invention of LIB technology, John B. Goodenough, Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino received the Chemistry Nobel Prize in 2019. [3] Despite their huge success, research and development on LIBs and allied battery technologies are still a hot topic in both academia and industry offering opportunities for breakthrough innovations and discoveries. Figure 1a presents a schematic illustration of the state-of-theart LIB and its main components. Liquid electrolytes based on organic solvents and lithium salts are the primary choice as electrolytes in LIBs due to their high ionic conductivity and good Polymer composite electrolytes (PCEs), i.e., materials combining the disciplines of polymer chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and electrochemistry, have received tremendous attention within academia and industry for lithiumbased battery applications. While PCEs often comprise 3D micro-or nanoparticles, this review thoroughly summarizes the prospects of 2D layered inorganic, organic, and hybrid nanomaterials as active (ion conductive) or passive (nonion conductive) fillers in PCEs. The synthetic inorganic nanofillers covered here include graphene oxide, boron nitride, transition metal chalcogenides, phosphorene, and MXenes. Furthermore, the use of naturally occurring 2D layered clay minerals, such as layered double hydroxides and silicates, in PCEs is also thoroughly detailed considering their impact on battery cell performance. Despite the dominance of 2D layered inorganic materials, their organic and hybrid counterparts, such as 2D covalent organic frameworks and 2D metal-organic frameworks are also identified as tuneable nanofillers for use in PCE. Hence, this review gives an overview of the plethora of options available for the selective development of both the 2D layered nanofillers and resulting PCEs, which can revolutionize the field of polymer-based solid-state electrolytes and their implementation in lithium and post-lithium batteries.

Phase Engineering and Synchrotron-Based Study on Two-Dimensional Energy Nanomaterials

“…Similar to CVD, a solid precursor is evaporated from Knudsen cells or electron-beam evaporators and then deposited on a substrate, which has been predeposited with another target material to form vertical heterostructures at UHV. Recently, some researchers have reported in-plane heterostructures with covalent bonds by PVD . Compared with the two-step synthesis method, this one-step synthesis method can generate a sharper interface with low probability of alloy formation and suppress the intralayer heterostructure (HS) excitons and/or excitons bound to interfacial defects (Figure a).…”

“…Recently, some researchers have reported in-plane heterostructures with covalent bonds by PVD. 421 Compared with the two-step synthesis method, this one-step synthesis method can generate a sharper interface with low probability of alloy formation and suppress the intralayer heterostructure (HS) excitons and/or excitons bound to interfacial defects (Figure 42a). For example, Ullah et al grown high-quality monolayer MoSe 2 −WSe 2 lateral heterostructures through pulsed-laser-deposition-assisted selenization method (PLD-assisted) with controlled temperature and time (Figure 42b).…”

Fluorinated carbon nitride with a hierarchical porous structure ameliorating PEO for high-voltage, high-rate solid lithium metal batteries

“…8,9 The introduction of two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets with a large specic surface area can considerably lower the crystallinity and improve the mechanical properties of a PEO matrix. 10 It is an effective mean to enhance the ion conductivity and address the lithium dendrite penetration problem of a PEO matrix electrolyte. [11][12][13] Carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) nanosheets as an typical 2D material show superior mechanical properties and thermal and chemical stabilities.…”

In Situ Synthesis of Nanostructured Composites of NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide and Polyaniline for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants and Remediation of Biological Contaminants

“…25−27 Polymers in presynthesized layered materials introduce new energetic contributions for the fabrication of 2D nanosheets arising from the interaction enthalpy of polymer chains. 28 Recently, conductive polymers have widely been used as electron mediator components for their photochemical and electrochemical properties in the field of photocatalysis, rechargeable batteries, anticorrosion coatings and antistatic shielding. The most common conducting polymers are polyindole (PIn), polypyrrole, polyaniline (PANI), and polythiophene.…”

“…Polymer-inorganic systems are modular material platforms for the design and development of functional nanocomposites with tailored properties, versatile processability, and multiple stimuli-responsive. These properties enhanced their utility in diverse applications of transmonics, fuel cells, photovoltaics, adsorbents, and nanomembranes, among others. − Polymers in presynthesized layered materials introduce new energetic contributions for the fabrication of 2D nanosheets arising from the interaction enthalpy of polymer chains . Recently, conductive polymers have widely been used as electron mediator components for their photochemical and electrochemical properties in the field of photocatalysis, rechargeable batteries, anticorrosion coatings and antistatic shielding.…”