2D and 3D patient's representation of simulated restorative esthetic outcomes using different computer‐aided design software programs

Abstract

Objective To review the techniques and available 2D and 3D computer‐aided design (CAD) software programs to perform a diagnostic waxing for restorative procedures when cone beam computed tomography is not indicated. Overview An electronic review was performed in Medline, Embase, and Scopus search engines. A manual search was also conducted. The articles evaluating methods to obtain a 2D or 3D patient's representation for restorative dental procedures were included. A total of 33 articles were included for full text review. CAD programs provide the capability to integrate facial features from 2D photographs or 3D facial scans and facilitate facially driven digital diagnostic waxing procedures. Diagnostic and design tools varied among the programs, and multiple technique descriptions were found. However, the literature evaluating the accuracy of virtual patients and the perception variations between the 2D and 3D dimensional representations is limited. Conclusions The integration of digital technologies into treatment planning procedures introduce variation into the conventional interfaces; however, the concepts remain the same. Further studies are needed to evaluate the accuracy of the virtual representations and the influence of the type of dimensional representation on the esthetic perceptions among dental professionals. Clinical significance The 2D and 3D CAD software programs facilitate the integration of facial features into digital diagnostic waxing procedures; however, the esthetic perception of the patient's virtual representation might vary among the different systems.

Digital to Analog Facially Generated Interchangeable Facebow Transfer: Capturing a Standardized Reference Position

“…The use of 3D facial scanning requires more technology, but also provides more manipulation opportunities post‐data acquisition 11 . However, its limitations include no standardized NHP, more chair time required, more cost to incorporate the required scan bodies, and questionable accuracy 12 .…”

Additively Manufactured Scan Bodies for Virtual Patient Integration: Different Designs, Manufacturing Procedures, and Clinical Protocols

“…Previous authors have reported different techniques to align patient's digital file information; 23–28 furthermore, the employment of auxiliary devices such as extraoral and intraoral scan bodies have been described to guide the superimposition procedures 29 . Additively manufactured intraoral scan bodies have been developed for virtual patient's data integration providing patients size customization and chairside manufacturing capabilities 6,30–32 .…”

“…When the prosthodontic treatment does not require CBCT images, the objective for the 3D virtual patient representation is the alignment of the patient's digital files, which includes facial scans, with the patient at different positions, and intraoral digital scans 6 . After data acquisition techniques, the virtual patient integration is achieved by aligning the files using a CAD software program 6,23–33 . Additively manufactured intraoral scan bodies have been developed to guide the acquisition and alignment of the patient's digital information.…”

“…6 After data acquisition techniques, the virtual patient integration is achieved by aligning the files using a CAD software program. 6,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Additively manufactured intraoral scan bodies have been developed to guide the acquisition and alignment of the patient's digital information. The AM intraoral scan body design and clinical sequence may change if the patient is completely dentate, partially or completely edentulous.…”

“…20 In dentistry, the static 3D virtual patient's visualization is obtained by superimposing facial and intraoral digital scans, with or without the alignment of a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) information. 21,22 Previous authors have reported different techniques to align patient's digital file information; [23][24][25][26][27][28] furthermore, the employment of auxiliary devices such as extraoral and intraoral scan bodies have been described to guide the superimposition procedures. 29 Additively manufactured intraoral scan bodies have been developed for virtual patient's data integration providing patients size customization and chairside manufacturing capabilities.…”