2D–3D Digital Image Correlation Comparative Analysis for Indentation Process

Abstract

Nowadays, localized forming operations, such as incremental forming processes, are being developed as an alternative to conventional machining or forming techniques. An indentation process is the main action that takes places in these forming activities, allowing small, localized deformations. It is essential to have the knowledge of the material behavior under the punch and the transmitted forces to achieve correct control of the entire procedure. This paper presents the work carried out with the digital image correlation (DIC) technique applied to the study of the material flow that takes place under an indentation process. The material flow analysis is performed under 2D and 3D conditions, establishing the methodology for the calibration and implementation for each alternative. Two-dimensional DIC has been proven to be a satisfactory technique compared with the 3D method, showing results in good agreement with experimental tests and models developed by the finite element method. Notwithstanding, part of the indented material flows under the punch, emerging on the front surface and generating a dead zone that can only be addressed with a 3D technique. So, the main objective is to carry out a comparison between the 2D and 3D techniques to identify if the 3D application could be mandatory for this type of process. Also, a 2D-3D mix analysis is proposed for study cases in which it is necessary to know the material flow in that specific area of the workpiece.

Indentation Measurement in Thin Plates under Bending Using 3D Digital Image Correlation

“…The stereoscopic system was mounted on a tripod and subsequently calibrated. Finally, the displacements fields occurring at the specimen surface during loading and unloading stages were measured using the commercial software package VIC-3D, from Correlated Solutions Inc. [31,35].…”

“…Thus, out-of-plane displacement and strains over the surface of the specimen can be computed. In this case, the system must be previously calibrated [30,31]. Although many factors are involved, errors in measurements are kept lower than 0.1 mm for most DIC-3D applications [32,33].…”

Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019)

“…In this Special Issue of the journal Materials, 29 contributions to cutting-edge advances in different fields of the manufacturing engineering have been collected. In particular, in additive manufacturing and 3D printing [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]; sustainable and green manufacturing [12][13][14][15][16]; metrology and quality in manufacturing [17][18][19][20][21]; advances and innovations in manufacturing processes [22][23][24][25]; manufacturing of new materials [26][27][28]; design, modeling, and simulation in manufacturing engineering [29,30] industry 4.0 [31] and manufacturing engineering and society [32]. Among all of them, the topic additive manufacturing and 3D printing stands out for the number of contributions it has had in this Special Issue showing the interest that this topic arouses, currently, among researchers, the industry and the public in general.…”

“…Concretely, two about thermoplastic carbon fiber composites C/TPU [26,27] and, other, about an Al-SiC metal matrix composite [28]. It counts also with two works in design, modeling, and simulation in manufacturing engineering about the indentation process [29] and the cold expansion process [30]; one, in the topic industry 4.0 about the application of the supply chain to shipbuilding [31] and the other in the topic manufacturing engineering and society about a new risk methodology based on control charts to assess occupational risks in manufacturing processes [32].…”

Локализация Деформации В Решетчатых Структурах 3d-Печатных Образцов Стали 03Х17Н14М2

“…В качестве критериев ограничения в рамках TO в основном при использовании численных методов могут применяться различные функции (их комбинации), такие, например, как соответствие или потенциальная энергия деформации, объем, смещения или характеристики прочности. В настоящей работе для 3D-печатных структур и образцов с вариантами TO используется экспериментальный метод оптической диагностики, который называется методом цифровой корреляции изображений (DIC) [4,5]. Обсуждаются найденные параметры прочности и результаты оценки напряженнодеформированного состояния топологических решетчатых структур (ТРС).…”