2D/2D/2D O-C3N4/Bt/Ti3C2Tx heterojunction with novel MXene/clay multi-electron mediator for stimulating photo-induced CO2 reforming to CO and CH4

Reduction of CO2 by Photoelectrochemical Process Using Non‐Oxide Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterials – A Review

“…Other studies in the literature also report the preliminary generation of CO from the reduction of CO 2 , followed by the formation of other products (CO route). [9,143] In same work, Wang et al demonstrated that the union of ZnTe and g-C 3 N 4 stabilizes both CO 2 (Figure 8a) and CO (Figure 8b) adsorption species. The DFT study indicated that CO 2 is adsorbed preferentially on ZnTe, favoring the conversion of CO 2 into CO.…”

“…As discussed previously, the benefits of the heterojunction for the photoactivity of the semiconductors are largely known and, therefore, diverse combinations of catalysts have been studied for heterojunctions applied for the reduction of CO 2 , mainly by PEC, such as 2D/0D, 2D/1D, 2D/2D, and 2D/2D/ 0D. [141][142][143][144][145][146] These configurations of heterojunction catalysts composed of two or more components with different functions can facilitate the formation of products with more than 1 carbon compared to single-component catalysts, [142] due to their large surface areas, improvement of the lifetime of the e À /h + charges, inhibition of the recombination of photocarriers, and adjustable ultrathin and/or small dimensions. [1,147] The formation of heterostructures coupling metal chalcogenides is a strategy to increase the photocatalytic activity, selectivity, and photo-stability, with respect to the individual compounds.…”

“…Among all those possibilities, the polymeric g-C 3 N 4 is the most employed 2D material free of oxides for heterojunctions implemented for the PEC reduction of CO 2 . [141,143,146,147,149] The polymeric carbon nitrides (CNs) have a facile synthesis process, metal-free composition, an environmentally friendly production, and a high physical-chemical stability; moreover, they are low-cost catalysts, earth-abundant, and present interesting properties for reduction reactions due to their electronic band structure, [82,145,150,151] which justify the interest in their application as semiconductors for CO 2 photoelectroreduction. However, bulk g-C 3 N 4 presents low surface area, low efficiency of water oxidation, and low electrical conductivity, besides promoting a high recombination rate of photogenerated charges; [98,152,153] thus, bulk g-C 3 N 4 requires a combination with other semiconductors to improve its photocatalytic applicability.…”

Current Trends and Approaches to Boost the Performance of Metal Organic Frameworks for Carbon Dioxide Methanation through Photo/Thermal Hydrogenation: A Review

“…First of all, H 2 O will be separated into [H] and O 2 under light irradiation via eq , where [H] represents electrons (e – ) and holes (H + ). Then, [H] will react with CO 2 to produce CH 4 and H 2 O as shown in eq . If H 2 is used as feed stock, H 2 will be oxidized through eq to produce 2­[H], which will also subsequently be involved in the CO 2 methanation reaction.…”

Recent Progress of Perovskite Oxide in Emerging Photocatalysis Landscape: Water Splitting, CO₂ Reduction, and N₂ Fixation

“…As one of our main energy sources, fossil fuels have indeed accelerated the process of human community development, while carbon dioxide became the main greenhouse gas at the same time [163][164][165][166][167][168] . In recent years, the inexorable rise of carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere has already exceeded 400 × 10 −6 and the concentration of CO2 has increased at a rate higher than that of 2 × 10 −6 every year, highlighting the need for reducing the present CO2 emissions [168][169][170][171][172][173] .…”