“…The interactions among retrograde proteins and the translocation of Rtg1p/Rtg3p are assumed to obey the law of mass action ( Voit et al., 2015 ; Reyes et al., 2022 ; King et al., 2021 ), and the total concentration of each protein was regarded as conserved. To connect retrograde proteins with mitochondrial damage, the activation of Rtg2p was modeled using the Hill equation with the sum of mitochondrial damage ( Frank, 2018 ). The purpose of applying Hill equation is to summarize the cascading effect on sensing mitochondrial damage, such as ROS-induced ROS release ( Chowdhury et al., 2020 ).…”