Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of viral central nervous system infections

Abid, Fatma Ben; Abukhattab, Mohammed; Ghazouani, Hafedh; Khalil, Obada; Gohar, Ahmed; Soub, Hussam Al; Maslamani, Muna Al; Khal, Abdullatif Al; Masalamani, Eman Al; Dhahry, Said Al; Hashim, Samar; Howadi, Faraj; Butt, Adeel A.

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2018.06.008

Cited by 38 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…Viral meningitis can result from a number of infections such as enteroviruses, Herpes simplex, West Nile virus, mumps, and measles. In children in highly vaccinated communities, infection is usually attributed to enteroviruses such as Coxsackie, ECHO, and enterovirus 71 [5], [6], [7], [8]. In such cases, the transmission is usually feco–oral and occurs mainly in the summer and autumn months in temperate climates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consistent, Excess Viral Meningitis Incidence Rates in Young Males: A Multi-country, Multi-year, Meta-analysis of National Data. The Importance of Sex as a Biological Variable

2019

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Background: Sex can be an important biological variable in the immune response to infections and the response to vaccines. The magnitude and consistency in age-specific sex differences in the incidence of viral infections remain unclear. Methods: We obtained data from national official agencies on cases of viral meningitis by sex and age group over a period of 6-16 years from five countries: Canada, Czech Republic, Germany, Israel, and Poland. Male to female incidence rate ratios (RR) were computed for each year, by country, and age group. For each age group, we used meta-analysis methodology to combine the incidence RRs. Meta-regression was conducted to the estimate the effects of age, country, and time period on the RR. Findings: In the age groups < 1, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, there were consistently higher incidence rates in males, over countries and time. The pooled incidence RRs (with 95% CI) were 1.38 (1.30-1.47), 1.94 (1.85-2.03), 1.98 (1.88-2.07), and 1.58 (1.47-1.71) respectively. In young and middle-age adults there were no differences with pooled incidence RRs of 1.00 (0.97-1.03), and 0.97 (0.94-1.00), respectively. Sensitivity analysis confirms that the results are stable and robust. Meta-regression showed that almost all the variations in the incidence RRs were contributed by age group. Interpretation: The higher incidence rates from viral meningitis in males under the age of 15 are remarkably consistent across countries and time-periods. These findings emphasize the importance of sex as a biological variable in infectious diseases. This could provide keys to the mechanisms of infection and lead to more personalized treatment and vaccine doses and schedules. Funding: There was no funding source for this article.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consistent, Excess Viral Meningitis Incidence Rates in Young Males: A Multi-country, Multi-year, Meta-analysis of National Data. The Importance of Sex as a Biological Variable

2019

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“…Notably, most patients were neonates and children (47%), and 5% of them were diagnosed with diabetes. However, not mentioned are the type of diabetes (T1DM or type 2 DM) nor the relationship between T1DM and EVs [ 32 ].…”

Section: Menamentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteroviruses and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: An Overlooked Relationship in Some Regions

Sané¹,

Lazrek²,

Nekoua

et al. 2020

Microorganisms

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Enteroviruses (EVs) infect millions of people annually. EV infections can be asymptomatic or symptomatic with conditions ranging from mild illnesses to serious diseases such as dilated cardiomyopathy. A causal relationship between EV infections and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been heavily debated, with some studies suggesting that this relationship is not yet conclusive and requires additional evidence, whereas others strongly argue for this correlation. While this relationship is well investigated in some developed countries like the USA and Finland, it is understudied or neglected in other countries like Russia for many reasons such as the low incidence of T1DM. Although the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are highly affected by T1DM, the role of EVs in the disease in MENA has not been investigated extensively. Therefore, we aimed to address the relationship between T1DM and EVs in MENA and other regions globally.

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“…The central nervous system (CNS) is regarded as the most complex system in the human body and its associated diseases and disorders represent leading causes of death and disability worldwide. These pathologies encompass a wide range of conditions ranging from neuro-degenerative diseases [e.g., Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis], to brain cancer, ischemia, traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, and viral infections of the CNS (Gooch et al, 2017;Ben Abid et al, 2018;Erkkinen et al, 2018). Collectively, these pathologies represent a major burden to the global healthcare industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles as a “Holistic” Approach to CNS Repair

Branscome

Paul

Yin

et al. 2020

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Neurodegeneration is a hallmark of many diseases and disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). High levels of neuroinflammation are often associated with irreparable damage to CNS cells due to the dysregulation of signaling cascades that are unable to restore a homeostatic balance. Due to the inherent complexity of the CNS, development of CNS-related therapeutics has met limited success. While stem cell therapy has been evaluated in the context of CNS repair, the mechanisms responsible for their functional properties have not been clearly defined. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of stem cell extracellular vesicles (EVs) for the treatment of various CNS pathologies as these vesicles are believed to mediate many of the functional effects associated with their donor stem cells. The potency of stem cell EVs is believed to be largely driven by their biological cargo which includes various types of RNAs, proteins, and cytokines. In this review, we describe the characteristic properties of stem cell EVs and summarize their reported neuroprotective and immunomodulatory functions. A special emphasis is placed on the identification of specific biological cargo, including proteins and non-coding RNA molecules, that have been found to be associated with stem cell EVs. Collectively, this review highlights the potential of stem cell EVs as an alternative to traditional stem cell therapy for the repair of cellular damage associated with diverse CNS pathologies.

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Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of viral central nervous system infections

Cited by 38 publications

References 31 publications

Consistent, Excess Viral Meningitis Incidence Rates in Young Males: A Multi-country, Multi-year, Meta-analysis of National Data. The Importance of Sex as a Biological Variable

Consistent, Excess Viral Meningitis Incidence Rates in Young Males: A Multi-country, Multi-year, Meta-analysis of National Data. The Importance of Sex as a Biological Variable

Enteroviruses and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: An Overlooked Relationship in Some Regions

Use of Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles as a “Holistic” Approach to CNS Repair

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