Nutrition and Supplementation Considerations to Limit Endotoxemia When Exercising in the Heat

Guy, Joshua H.; Vincent, Grace E.

doi:10.3390/sports6010012

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…This supports the notion that high rates of CHO ingestion, although being beneficial for race completion, might actually exacerbate symptoms of GI distress. In addition, strategies that could mitigate the likelihood of LPS release into the blood and, thus, endotoxin-associated symptoms, include limiting the consumption of saturated fat [138], avoiding the consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [139], and maintaining an adequate water intake [139].…”

Section: Considerations For Racingmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing

Tiller

Roberts

Beasley

et al. 2019

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

137

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Background In this Position Statement, the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the literature pertinent to nutritional considerations for training and racing in single-stage ultra-marathon. Recommendations for Training. i) Ultra-marathon runners should aim to meet the caloric demands of training by following an individualized and periodized strategy, comprising a varied, food-first approach; ii) Athletes should plan and implement their nutrition strategy with sufficient time to permit adaptations that enhance fat oxidative capacity; iii) The evidence overwhelmingly supports the inclusion of a moderate-to-high carbohydrate diet (i.e., ~ 60% of energy intake, 5–8 g·kg− 1·d− 1) to mitigate the negative effects of chronic, training-induced glycogen depletion; iv) Limiting carbohydrate intake before selected low-intensity sessions, and/or moderating daily carbohydrate intake, may enhance mitochondrial function and fat oxidative capacity. Nevertheless, this approach may compromise performance during high-intensity efforts; v) Protein intakes of ~ 1.6 g·kg− 1·d− 1 are necessary to maintain lean mass and support recovery from training, but amounts up to 2.5 g.kg− 1·d− 1 may be warranted during demanding training when calorie requirements are greater; Recommendations for Racing. vi) To attenuate caloric deficits, runners should aim to consume 150–400 Kcal·h− 1 (carbohydrate, 30–50 g·h− 1; protein, 5–10 g·h− 1) from a variety of calorie-dense foods. Consideration must be given to food palatability, individual tolerance, and the increased preference for savory foods in longer races; vii) Fluid volumes of 450–750 mL·h− 1 (~ 150–250 mL every 20 min) are recommended during racing. To minimize the likelihood of hyponatraemia, electrolytes (mainly sodium) may be needed in concentrations greater than that provided by most commercial products (i.e., > 575 mg·L− 1 sodium). Fluid and electrolyte requirements will be elevated when running in hot and/or humid conditions; viii) Evidence supports progressive gut-training and/or low-FODMAP diets (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide and polyol) to alleviate symptoms of gastrointestinal distress during racing; ix) The evidence in support of ketogenic diets and/or ketone esters to improve ultra-marathon performance is lacking, with further research warranted; x) Evidence supports the strategic use of caffeine to sustain performance in the latter stages of racing, particularly when sleep deprivation may compromise athlete safety.

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Section: Considerations For Racingmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing

Tiller

Roberts

Beasley

et al. 2019

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

137

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Considering the above, athletes may experience favorable adaptation and enhanced recovery from HA if they consume fluids containing both sodium and carbohydrate post-training [205], whilst also seeking to ingest L-glutamine rich protein following HA sessions [206]. Precise intakes for HA mediated benefits associated with protein/amino acid consumption are yet to be explored in a controlled research experiment, however the authors recommend adhering to guidelines allied to post-exercise recovery using nutritional protein [207].…”

Section: Are There Hydration and Nutritional Considerations Associatementioning

confidence: 99%

Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines

et al. 2019

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International competition inevitably presents logistical challenges for athletes. Events such as the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games require further consideration given historical climate data suggest athletes will experience significant heat stress. Given the expected climate, athletes face major challenges to health and performance. With this in mind, heat alleviation strategies should be a fundamental consideration. This review provides a focused perspective of the relevant literature describing how practitioners can structure male and female athlete preparations for performance in hot, humid conditions. Whilst scientific literature commonly describes experimental work, with a primary focus on maximizing magnitudes of adaptive responses, this may sacrifice ecological validity, particularly for athletes whom must balance logistical considerations aligned with integrating environmental preparation around training, tapering and travel plans. Additionally, opportunities for sophisticated interventions may not be possible in the constrained environment of the athlete village or event arenas. This review therefore takes knowledge gained from robust experimental work, interprets it and provides direction on how practitioners/coaches can optimize their athletes' heat alleviation strategies. This review identifies two distinct heat alleviation themes that should be considered to form an individualized strategy for the athlete to enhance thermoregulatory/performance physiology. First, chronic heat alleviation techniques are outlined, these describe interventions such as heat acclimation, which are implemented pre, during and posttraining to prepare for the increased heat stress. Second, acute heat alleviation techniques that are implemented immediately prior to, and sometimes during the event are discussed.

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“…Antibiotics are potentially effective in limiting LPS translocation in the gut due to its antimicrobial properties and a single dose of Kanamycin was shown to protect monkeys from lethal heat stress of up to Tc 42 °C [ 87 , 119 ]. However, the use of antibiotics as a prophylaxis against heat sepsis is not feasible because the antimicrobial actions also destroy “good” bacteria that contributes to a healthy balance of bacteria profile in the gut flora [ 120 ]. Frequent use of antibiotics also leads to antibiotics resistance, which limits the potential use of antibiotics for the treatment of other infections.…”

Section: The Dual Pathway Model Of Heat Strokementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the use of NSAIDS can lead to gastrointestinal injury [ 50 , 125 ] and contribute to the loss of gut permeability [ 126 ]. NSAIDS also induce splanchnic hypoperfusion, which further compromise the integrity of the intestinal barrier [ 120 ]. For example, treating mice with 5 mg/kg of indomethacin before heat exposure resulted in 45% mortality, damage to the gut barrier, and hemorrhage 24 h following lethal heat exposure (Tc 42.4 °C) [ 127 ].…”

Section: The Dual Pathway Model Of Heat Strokementioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Sepsis Precedes Heat Toxicity in the Pathophysiology of Heat Stroke—A New Paradigm on an Ancient Disease

Lim

2018

Antioxidants

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Heat stroke (HS) is an ancient illness dating back more than 2000 years and continues to be a health threat and to cause fatality during physical exertion, especially in military personnel, fire-fighters, athletes, and outdoor laborers. The current paradigm in the pathophysiology and prevention of HS focuses predominantly on heat as the primary trigger and driver of HS, which has not changed significantly for centuries. However, pathological and clinical reports from HS victims and research evidence from animal and human studies support the notion that heat alone does not fully explain the pathophysiology of HS and that HS may also be triggered and driven by heat- and exercise-induced endotoxemia. Exposure to heat and exercise stresses independently promote the translocation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria in the gut to blood in the circulatory system. Blood concentration of LPS can increase to a threshold that triggers the systemic inflammatory response, leading to the downstream ramifications of cellular and organ damage with sepsis as the end point i.e., heat sepsis. The dual pathway model (DPM) of HS proposed that HS is triggered by two independent pathways sequentially along the core temperature continuum of >40 °C. HS is triggered by heat sepsis at Tc < 42 °C and by the heat toxicity at Tc > 42 °C, where the direct effects of heat alone can cause cellular and organ damage. Therefore, heat sepsis precedes heat toxicity in the pathophysiology of HS.

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Nutrition and Supplementation Considerations to Limit Endotoxemia When Exercising in the Heat

Cited by 17 publications

References 52 publications

International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing

International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing

Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines

Heat Sepsis Precedes Heat Toxicity in the Pathophysiology of Heat Stroke—A New Paradigm on an Ancient Disease

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